Chapter 3

Question 1

Communication between neurons is PRIMARILY ________

Answer 1

chemical

Question 2

Specialized gap between neurons

Answer 2

synapse

Question 3

Discovered narrow gap between neurons

Answer 3

Ramon y Cajal

Question 4

Demonstrated that communication between one neuron & the nxt differs from communication along single axon

Answer 4

Charles Scott Sherrington

Question 5

Automatic muscular responses to stimuli

Answer 5

Reflexes

Question 6

Circut from sensory neuron to muscle response

Answer 6

Reflex Arc

Question 7

Repeating stimuli w/in a brief time have a cumulative effect

Answer 7

Temporal summation

Question 8

the cell that RECEIVES a msg

Answer 8

Postsynaptic Neuron

Question 9

Cell that DELIVERS the transmission

Answer 9

Pre-Synaptic Neuron

Question 10

Graded depolarization; occurs when sodium ions enter the cell; that decays over time & space; Discovered by Eccles

Answer 10

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Question 11

Synaptic inputs from various locations combine their effects of a neuron.

Answer 11

Spatial Summation

Question 12

How did Sherrington discover this?

Answer 12

Pinch a dog’s foot; one time=nothing; but several pinches did

Question 13

Ordinarily Occur together…

Answer 13

Temporal summation & spatial summation

Question 14

Hyperpolarizes

Answer 14

increases the negative charge w/in the cell, moving it further from the threshold & decreasing the probability of an action potential

Question 15

Occurs when the synaptic input selectively opens the channel for potassium ions to leave the cell or for chloride ions to enter the cell

Answer 15

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Question 16

The importance of Sherrington’s work

Answer 16

led to researcher’s being able to show how nervous system was wired & make a diagram

Question 17

Peridoic reproduction of action potentials even w/out synaptic input

Answer 17

spontaneous firing rate

Question 18

1st to suggest that synapses operated by using chemicals (adrenaline) as means of transmitting signals (British)

Answer 18

T.R. Elliot

Question 19

Won the Nobel Prize for his work w/chemical synapses; 1st to convincingly demonstrate that communicate across the synapse occurs via chemical means (German)

Answer 19

Otto Loewi

Question 20

Chemicals released by one neuron that affect a second neuron

Answer 20

Neurotransmitter

Question 21

Acids containing an amine group (NH2)

Answer 21

Amnio Acids

Question 22

Chains of amino acids

Answer 22

Neuropeptides

Question 23

Chemical similar to amino acid, except that NH2 group has been replaced by N(CH3) group (one member “family”)

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Question 24

Neurotransmitters containing one amine group (NH2), formed by a metabolic changed in certain amino acids

Answer 24

Monoamines

Question 25

Chemical category that includes adenosine & several of its derivatives

Answer 25

Purines

Question 26

Nitric Oxide & possibly others

Answer 26

Gases

Question 27

epinephrine, norepinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine

Answer 27

catecholamines

Question 28

tiny packets that store high concentrations of neurotransmitters

Answer 28

Vesicles

Question 29

A chemical that breaks down excess lvls of some neurotransmitters

Answer 29

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

Question 30

Release of neurotransmitter in bursts from presynaptic terminal into synaptic cleft

Answer 30

exocytosis

Question 31

Why does a neuron release a combo of neurotransmitters instead of just one?

Answer 31

the combo makes the neuron's msg more complex, such as brief excitation followed by slight but prolonged inhibition.

Question 32

Occur at one type of receptor; channels controlled by neurotransmitter are transmitter-gated or ligand-gated channels; begin quickly & last for very brief period of time

Answer 32

Ionotropic effects

Question 33

Initiates a series of metabolic reactions; slower & longer lasting than inotropic effects;

Answer 33

Metabotropic effects

Question 34

For vision & hearing, the brain needs rapid, quickly changing info, the kind that this brings

Answer 34

Ionotropic synapses

Question 35

better suited for more enduring effects such as taste, smell & pain; also important for many aspects of arousal, attention, pleasure, & emotions (functions that arise more slowly & last longer than a visual or auditory stimulus)

Answer 35

Metabotropic synapses

Question 36

Often described as neuromodulators- have several porperties that distinguish them from neurotransmitters

Answer 36

neuropeptides

Question 37

chemicals that are secreted by gland or other cell & conveyed by the blood to other organs

Answer 37

Hormones

Question 38

Glands that produce hormones

Answer 38

Endocrine glands

Question 39

Consists of anterior pituitary & posterior pituitary

Answer 39

Pituitary gland

Question 40

after it activates a receptor, it's broken down by enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) into acetate & choline

Answer 40

Acetylcholine

Question 41

In certain brain areas, presynaptic neuron takes up most of the released neurotransmitter molecules intact & reuses them

Answer 41

Reuptake (occurs thru transporters)

Question 42

Detect the amount of neurotransmitter released & inhibit further synthesis & release after it reaches a certain lvl

Answer 42

autoreceptors

Question 43

special purpose synapses that operate electrically

Answer 43

electrical synapses

Question 44

contact between membrane of one neuron w/membrane of another

Answer 44

gap junction