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Biological Psy. > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear?

A

pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea

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2
Q

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes:

A

hair cells to displace.

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3
Q

What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?

A

Neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires.

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4
Q

Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?

A

visually tracking an object while dancing

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5
Q

Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to:

A

different areas of the body.

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6
Q

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

A

Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.

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7
Q

A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of:

A

glutamate

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8
Q

Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:

A

across-fiber

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9
Q

After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:

A

adaptation

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10
Q

How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?

A

There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical.

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11
Q

Periodic compressions air, water, or other media

A

sound waves

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12
Q

the intensity of a sound wave (i.e., measured height a sound wave reaches)- measured in decibels how high

A

amplitude

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13
Q

the psychological experience of amplitude refers to perception of the sound wave

A

Loudness

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14
Q

The # of compressions per sound- measured in Hertz (Hz , cycles per second); related to the pitch

A

frequency

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15
Q

the psychologial experience of frequency

A

pitch

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16
Q

What about the range of frequencies in children?

A

Children hear higher frequencies than adults; have ability to recognize high frequencies diminishes w/age and exposure to loud noises.

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17
Q

Includes the pinna; the structure of flesh & cartilage attached to each side of the head – helps us locate the source of sound & Responsible for: altering the reflection of sound waves into the middle ear from the outer ear

A

outer ear

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18
Q

aka outer ear

A

pinna

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19
Q

i.e., eardrum

A

tympanic membrain

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20
Q

a membrane in the inner ear

A

Oval window

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21
Q

Tympanic membrane connects to 3 tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the oval window

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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22
Q

snail-shaped structure in inner ear containing three long fluid-filled tunnels

A

Cochlea

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23
Q

two main ways of coding the sensory info

A

Frequency theory and place theory

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24
Q

basilar membrane resembles strings of a piano – each area along membrane is tuned to a specific frequency hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave; like Piano strings

A

Place theory

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25
Q

downfall of place theory

A

the various parts are bounded together too tightly (not like piano strings)

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26
Q

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency (e.g., 50 Hz sound causes 50 action potentials/sec.) in auditory nerve

A

Frequency theory

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27
Q

Downfall of frequency theory

A

certain amount of time before something can happen again (@ least 1/1000 of a sec) REFRACTORY PERIOD

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28
Q

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4,000 per sec., even though no individual axon approaches that frequency

A

Volley principle

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29
Q

Highest frequency sounds

A

vibrate hair cells at bottom (why old ppl can’t hear0

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30
Q

lower frequency sounds

A

vibrate toward the apex

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31
Q

impaired detection of frequency changes

A

tone deafness

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32
Q

tone deafness

A

amusia

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33
Q

perfect pitch

A

absolute pitch

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34
Q

the ability to hear a note and ID it

A

absolute pitch

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35
Q

Main determinant of absolute pitch

A

is early and extensive musical training

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36
Q

the destination for most info from the auditory system

A

primary auditory cortex (area A1)

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37
Q

sensitive to pattern of soun

A

“what” pathway

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38
Q

Where pathway

A

location of sound

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39
Q

includes areas important for detecting visual motion and motion of sounds; contains area MT; Allows detection of the motion of sound

A

superior temporal cortex

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40
Q

damage to the are V1

A

partial blind

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41
Q

damage to are A1

A

can be fine

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42
Q

Cortex provides map of sounds –

A

a tonotopic map

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43
Q

middle-ear deafness

A

conductive deafness

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44
Q

inner-ear deafness

A

nerve deafeness

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45
Q

o Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
o Can vary in degree
o Can be confined to one part of the cochlea
 Ppl can hear only certain frequencies

A

nerve deaf.

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46
Q

o Occurs if bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea; caused by disease, infections, or tumorous bone growth
o Can be corrected by surgery or hearing aids that amplify the stimulus
o Normal cochlea and normal auditory nerve allows ppl to hear their own voice clearly (b/c of vibrations w/your own bones)

A

conductive deafness

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47
Q

ringing in the ears

A

tinnitus

48
Q

depends upon comparing the responses of the 2 ears

A

Sound Localization

49
Q

helps you locate where the sound is coming from

A

sound shadow

50
Q

most useful for localizing sounds with a sudden onset

A

time of arrival

51
Q

vestibular organ consists of

A

saccule
utricle
3 semicircular canals

52
Q

calcium carbonate particles that lie next to the hair cells

A

otoliths

53
Q

filled with jellylike substance and lined with hair cells that are activated when the head moves
o Action potentials travel to the brain stem and cerebellum

A

3 semicircular canals

54
Q

the sensation of the body and its movements

A

somatosensory system

55
Q
  • Includes discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, tickle, and the position and movement of the joints
A

somatosensory receptors

56
Q

a type of touch receptor that detects sudden displacement or high-frequency vibrations on the skin

A

Pacinian corpuscles

57
Q

may be a simple bare neuron ending (e.g., many pain receptors), an elaborated neuron ending (Ruffini endings and Meissner’s corpuscles), or bare ending surrounded by other cells that modify its function

A

touch receptors

58
Q

Stimulation of touch receptor opens sodium channels in the axon

A

starts an action potential

59
Q

Each spinal nerve innervates a limited area of the body

A

dermatome

60
Q

THE SKIN AREA CONNECTED TO OR INNERVATED BY A SINGLE SENSORY SPINAL NERVE

A

dermatome

61
Q

What is pain and what is its purpose?

A

PAIN IS THE EXPERIENCE EVOKED BY A HARMFUL STIMULUS, DIRECTS OUR ATTENTION, AND HOLDS IT

62
Q

Pain sensation begins with a

A

bare nerve ending

63
Q

capsaicin stimulates receptors

A

a chemical found in hot pepper

64
Q

thicker and faster axons

A

sharp pain

65
Q

thinner and slower axons

A

dull pain (post surgical pain)

66
Q

mild pain

A

glutamate

67
Q

stronger pain

A

both glutamate and substance P

68
Q

processed by the cingulate cortex

A

sympathetic pain

69
Q

systems that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals

A

Opiod mechanism

70
Q

discovered that opiates bind to receptors found mostly in spinal cord and the periaqueductal gray area of the midbrain
- Opiate receptors act by blocking release of substance P

A

pert and snyder

71
Q

Implication of discovering opiate receptors –

A

first evidence that opioids act on nervous system rather than injured tissue

72
Q

body’s own natural pain killers

A

endorphins

73
Q

spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive messages from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain

A

Gate theory

74
Q

how does morphine work?

A

block slower, duller pain (after surgery)

75
Q
  • General principle of gate theory:
A

non pain stimuli modify the intensity of pain

 Stub toe? Massage it to help pain!

76
Q

a drug or other procedures w/no pharmacological effects

A

placebos

77
Q

Do placebos decrease pain just by increasing relaxations?

A

Placebos relieve pain partly by increasing release of opiates

78
Q

worsen pain by increasing anxiety

A

antiplacebos (nocebos)

79
Q

are chemicals related to marijuana that also block certain kinds of pain

A

cannabinoids and capsaicin

80
Q

produces painful burning sensation by releasing substance P

A

capsaicin

81
Q
  • Direct electrical stimulation of the spinal or thalamus
A

electrical stimulation of the nervous system

82
Q

resembles physical pain in many regards; increased activity in the cingulate cortex when someone felt left out of an activity

A

social pain aka emotional pain

83
Q

When someone has hurt feelings,

A

activity increases in cingulate cortex

84
Q

results of mild tissue damage

A

skin releases histamines

85
Q

2 kinds of itch

A

mild tissue damage

contact w/certain plants (cowhage)

86
Q

each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli, (& sends a direct line to the brain) and the meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active

A

label-line principle

87
Q

each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli, (& contributors to the perception of each of them) and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing

A

Across-fiber pattern principle

88
Q

refers to the stimulation of the taste buds, which are receptors on the tongue

A

taste

89
Q

converge enables taste and smell to combine their influences on food selection

A

endopiriform cortex

90
Q

o Receptors (in mammals) are in taste buds located

A

in papillae

91
Q

structures on the surface of the tongue that contains the taste buds

A

papillae

92
Q

Where are human adult taste buds located?

A

most taste buds are located along the outside edge of the tongue in humans

93
Q

how many kinds of taste receptors?

A

4: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

94
Q

refers to reduced perception of a stimuli due to fatigue of receptors

A

adaptation

95
Q

reduced response to one stimulus after exposure to another

A

cross- Adaptation

96
Q

evidence suggests a 5th receptro

A

glutamate( as in MSG)

97
Q

detects presence of sodium and permits sodium ions to cross its membrane; results in an action Potential

A

saltiness receptor is simple

98
Q

bitter substances include a long list of dissimilar chemicals

A

bitter taste

99
Q

branch of seventh cranial nerve

A

chorda tympani

100
Q

taste nerves project to here; in the medulla

A

nucleus of the tractus solitaries

101
Q

the primary taste cortex

A

insula

102
Q

responds to touch stimulation on tongue

A

somatosensory cortex

103
Q

taste sensitivity in women

A

changes w/hormone cycles; most sensitive during early prego

104
Q

have higher sensitivity to all tastes and mouth sensations in general);

A

supertasters

105
Q

sense of smell and refers to the detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose

A

olfaction

106
Q

Olfaction plays a subtle role in social behavior

A

o Humans tend to prefer the smell of potential romantic partners who smell different from themselves and their family members
o Decreases the risk of inbreeding
o Increases the probability that children will have a wide range of immunities

107
Q

neurons responsible for smell ; line the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal passage and are the neurons responsible for smell

A

olfactory cells

108
Q

threadlike dendrites

A

cilia

109
Q

each olfactory cell has; extends from cell body into mucous surface of nasal passage

A

cilia

110
Q

how many olfactory receptors do we have?

A

several hundred; have so many b/c there’s so many kinds of chemicals in the air

111
Q

we arrange our olfactory receptors over the entire surface of the nasal passages

A

localization

112
Q

set of receptors located near olfactory receptors; that are sensitive to pheromones; tiny in humans!

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

113
Q

chemicals released by an animal that affect behavior of other members of the same species, especially sexually

A

pheromones

114
Q

strong synesthesia

A

rare; 1/2000 ppl

runs in family

115
Q

weak synesthesia

A

do things like this all our lives

warm and cool colors

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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