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Biological Psy. > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain & spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

Nerves outside the brain & spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

consists of axons conveying msgs from sense organs to the CNS & from CNS to the muscles.

A

Part of PNS is Somatic Nervous System

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4
Q

controls the heart, intestines, & other organs

A

autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Toward the back

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

Toward the stomach

A

Ventral

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7
Q

Part of the CNS w/in the spinal column; communicates w/all the sense organs & muscles except those in the head

A

Spinal Cord

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8
Q

Entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory info & exiting ventral roots carry motor info

A

Bell-Magendie Law

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9
Q

Clusters of neurons outside spinal cord (contain cell bodies of sensory neurons)

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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10
Q

in center of spinal cord-densely packed w/cell bodies & dendrites

A

Gray Matter

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11
Q

Consists mostly of myelinated axons

A

White Matter

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12
Q

Network of nerves that prepare organs for vigorous activity

A

sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

increased breathing & heart rate, & decreased digestive activity

A

“fight or flight”

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14
Q

facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

Extend from spinal cord to parasympathetic ganglia close to each internal organ

A

Preganglionic axons

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16
Q

Shorter fibers that extend from parasympathetic ganglia into organs themselves

A

Postganglionic fibers

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17
Q

Cluster outside the Nervous system

A

Ganglion

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18
Q

Cluster inside nervous system

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

AKA known as craniosacral system; consists of cranial nerves & nerves from sacral spinal cord

A

Parasympathetic system

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20
Q

Brain has 3 major divisions

A

the hindbrain, midbrain, & the forebrain

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21
Q

consists of medulla, & pons, midbrain, & certain central structures of the forebrain

A

brainstem

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22
Q

consists of medulla, pons & cerebellum; located @ posterior; AKA rhombencephaion

A

hindbrain

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23
Q

enlarged extension of spinal cord-controls some vital reflexes thru cranial nerves; located just above the spinal cord & could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spine.

A

Medulla; AKA Medulla Oblongata

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24
Q

allow the medulla to control sensations from the head muscle movements in the head & many parasympathetic outputs to the organs.

A

cranial nerves

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25
Q

lies anterior & ventral to medulla & contains nuclei for several cranial nerves

A

pons

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26
Q

has ascending & descending portions

A

reticular formation

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27
Q

one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord

A

descending

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28
Q

sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal & attention

A

Ascending

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29
Q

sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli

A

Raphe system

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30
Q

lrg hindbrain structure w/many deep folds; 70 billion neurons are here; contributes to control of movement; contributes to balance & coordination; also important for shifting attention between auditory & visual stimuli

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

AKA; mesencephalon

Has the tectum, Superior colliculus & inferior colliculus, tegmentum, substantia nigra

A

Midbrain

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32
Q

roof of midbrain

A

tectum

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33
Q

swellings on each side of tectum; important for sensory processing

A

superior colliculus & inferior colliculus

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34
Q

intermediate lvl of midbrain- includes nuclei 3rd & 4th cranial nerves, & extensions of pathways between forebrain and spinal cord or hindbrain

A

Tegmentum

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35
Q

Gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

A

substantia nigra

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36
Q

AKA prosencephalon; most anterior & most prominent part of mammalian brain; consists of left & right hemispheres (cerebral hemisphere); each hemisphere organized to receive sensory info & to control muscles

A

Forebrain

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37
Q

outer portion of forebrain

A

cerebral cortex

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38
Q

interlinked structures that form border around brainstem; important for motivations & emotions; drives aggression

A

limbic system

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39
Q

Deals with smell

A

olfactory bulb

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40
Q

motivated behaviors

A

hypothalamus

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41
Q

encoding memories

A

hippocampus

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42
Q

emotional regulation

A

amygdala

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43
Q

consists of thalamus & hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

44
Q

pair of structures in center of forebrain

A

thalamus

45
Q

what is the exception of the thalamus?

A

smell doesn’t go thru the thalamus

46
Q

small area near base of brain just ventral to thalamus; associated w/behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, & other motivated behaviors.

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

What happens when hypothalamus is damaged?

A

leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors (feeding, drinking, temp. regulation, sex behavioral, fighting, or activity lvl.

48
Q

an endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

49
Q

group of cortical structures lateral to thalamus; contains caudate nucleus, putamen, & globus pallidus; responsible for planning sequences of behavior & for certain aspects of memory & emotional expression

A

Basal Ganglia

50
Q

lie on ventral surface of forebrain; includes nucleus basalis, which receives input from hypothalamus & basal ganglia & sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in cerebral cortex; plays key role in arousal, wakefulness, & attention

A

Basal Forebrain

51
Q

lrg structure between thalamus & cerebral cortex; critical for learning & memory, especially for encoding new memories

A

hippocampus

52
Q

4 fluid-filled cavities w/in brain

A

The Ventricles

53
Q

Membranes that surround brain & spinal cord; these are the parts of the brain that have pain receptors

A

Meninges

54
Q

inflammation of meninges

A

meningitis

55
Q

condition in infants caused when flow of CSF is obstructed, accumulating w/in ventricles or subarachnoid space, increasing pressure on brain-skull bones may spread, causing overgrown head

A

hydrocephalus

56
Q

most prominent part of the mammalian brain; consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere

A

the cerebral cortex

57
Q

bundles of axons thru which neurons in each hemisphere communicate w/neurons in corresponding part of other hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

58
Q

Sagittal

A

from the side

59
Q

view from front

A

cornal

60
Q

straight down

A

horizontal

61
Q

back

A

Posteir

62
Q

anterior

A

front

63
Q

How does cold meds work?

A

blocks parasympathetic; increase sympathetic

64
Q

6 distinct layers of cell bodies that are parallel to surface of cortex & separated from each other by layers of fibers

A

Laminae

65
Q

sends long axons to the spinal cord & distinct areas & is the thickest in the motor cortex

A

Lamina V

66
Q

receives axons from the various sensory nuclei of the thalamus & is prominent in all the primary sensory areas but absent from the motor cortex

A

Lamina VI

67
Q

cells w/in columns have similar properties to one another; lie perpendicular to the lamine

A

cells of cortex organized into columns

68
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into 4 lobes

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, & frontal

69
Q

Contains primary visual cortex (striate cortex): VISION

A

Occipital lobe

70
Q

Damage results to this; blindness that has nothing to do w/your eyes

A

cortical blindness

71
Q

Lies between occipital lobe & the central sulcus; contains postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex); main target for touch sensations & info from muscle-stretch receptors & joint receptors

A

Parietal lobe

72
Q

separate areas along each band receive simultaneous info from different parts of body

A

includes 4 bans of cells parallel to central sulcus

73
Q

Lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples; primary target for auditory info; essential for understanding spoken language ( the left temporal lobe in most cases) also contributes to complex aspects of vision, including perception of movement & recognition of faces; plays part in emotional & motivational behaviors

A

Temporal Lobe

74
Q

Damage to temporal lobe= lose sense fear

A

kluver bucy syndrome

75
Q

abstract thinking & planning; most anterior portion of frontal lobe; the integration center for all sensory info & other areas of the cortex

A

prefrontal cortex

76
Q

How do the parts work together?

A

binding occurs if you perceive 2 sensations as happening at the same time & in the same place (ventriloquist effect)

77
Q

A memory system that underlies our ability to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks (temporary storage & manipulation

A

Working Memory

78
Q

A stimulus appears briefly & individual must respond to stimulus after brief delay

A

delayed-response task

79
Q

Ppl w/prefrontal cortex damage

A

trouble planning stuff & impairments in delayed response tasks

80
Q

Have trouble locating objects in space & often fail to bind objects

A

ppl w/damage parietal lobe

81
Q

Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow

A

PET

82
Q

Categories for research methods to study the brain

A
  1. examine the effects of brain damage
  2. examine the effects of stimulating some brain areas
  3. record brain activity during behavior
  4. correlate brain anatomy w/behavior
83
Q

French surgeon

A

Paul Broca

84
Q

what are teh limitations of these human studies?

A

hard to find ppl w/the same brain damage

85
Q

Ablation

A

removal of a brain area

86
Q

lesion

A

damage to brain area

87
Q

stereotaxic instrument

A

device for precise placement of electrodes in brain; used to damage structures

88
Q

sham lesion

A

lesion produced in control group

89
Q

use of biochemical methods to direct a mutation to a particular gene that’s important for certain types of cells, transmitters, or recptors

A

gene knockout approach

90
Q

application of intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp, which temporarily inactivates neurons below the magnet

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

91
Q

A technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser w/in the brain

A

optogenetics

92
Q

complex behaviors depend on many brain areas, not just one

A

limitation

93
Q

most popular to study brain; involves using a variety of noninvasive methods.

A

Recoding brain activity

94
Q

Records electrical activity of the various brain thru electrodes applied to the scalp; high temporal resolution; can record spontaneous brain activity or activity in response to a stimulus

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

95
Q

Measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity

A

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

96
Q

both provide good temporal resolution

A

EEG & MEG

97
Q

Provides very high-resolution of activity in a living brain by recording emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals; very good @ spatial; 1st really good method to get where in brain activity is happening

A

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

98
Q

Disadvantages of PET

A

only @high end places; very expensive; expense of cyclotrons; the brain is exposed to radioactivity

99
Q

modified version of MRI based on hemoglobin; uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving & detailed pic

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI)

100
Q

Gathers light transmitted cortical tissue to image blood-oxygen consumption (oxygenated hemoglobin)

A

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

101
Q

can involve the IDing of peculiar behaviors & looking for abnormal brain structures or functions

A

Correlating brain anatomy w/behavior

102
Q

the process of relating skull anatomy to behavior; one of the qst ways used to study the brain; yielded few, ifa ny, accurate results

A

Phrenology (Franz Gall)

103
Q

One method of examining brain anatomy; involves the injection of a dye into the blood & a passage of X-rays thru the head

A

Computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)

104
Q

method based on the fact that any atom w/an odd-numbered atomic weight (e.go hydrogen) has an axis of rotation

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

105
Q

Do we have the lrgest brains?

A

No elephants have bigger brains (for ex); brain to body ratio

106
Q

What about correlation between specific brain areas & IQ?

A

IQ correlated w/amount of gray matter

107
Q

Why are men & women equal in intellect despite lrger brains in men?

A

women avg more & deeper sulci on surface of cortex; women’s & men’s brains differ structurally, but accomplish the same thing; “organized differently”

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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