Chapter 13 Flashcards
pairing 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them
classical condition
classical condition
Ivan Pavlov
classical condition
Ivan Pavlov
start by presenting; initially elicits no special response (e.g., sound from metronome)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
then present; Automatically elicits an Unconditioned response (e.g., meat elicits salvation in dog)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS
Conditioned Response (CR)
After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS
Conditioned Response (CR)
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
any event that increases the future probability of the response
reinforcer
an event that suppresses the frequency of the response
punishment
learning that occurs as result of observing the experiences of others
observational learning
the natural tendency to imitate the behaviors of significant others
modeling
phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill
conditioned taste aversion
phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill
conditioned taste aversion
Pavlov’s proposal
classical conditioning reflects a strengthened connection between a CS center and a UCS center in the brain
the physical representation of what has been learned (e.g., a connection between 2 brain areas)
Engram
all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, and any part of cortex can substitute for any other
equipotentiality
the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better
mass action
the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better
mass action
looked for the engram in the cerebellum, not the cerebral cortex
thompson and colleagues
distinguished between short-term memory and long-term memory
Hebb
memory for events that just occurred
Short-term memory
memory for events from further back
long-term memory
requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago
delayed response task
alternative to short term memory
Working memory
memory loss
amnesia
inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
retrograde amnesia
underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres
H.M. (Henry Molaison)
underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres
H.M. (Henry Molaison)
Memory for specific events in your life
episodic memory
memory involving a deliberate retrieval of info; you recognize it as a memory
Explicit memory
AKA declarative memory
explicit memory
An influence of recent experience on behavior. You don’t recognize that influence (don’t recognize it as a memory)
Implicit memory
Development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory
procedural memory
The hippocampus is critical for declarative memory , especially episodic memory
larry Squire
Animal sees object (the sample) and then, after delay, gets a choice between 2 objects
delayed matching-to-sample task
the same, except that the animal must choose the object that’s different from the sample
delayed nonmatching- to-sample task
the same, except that the animal must choose the object that’s different from the sample
delayed nonmatching- to-sample task
has 8 or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end
radial maze
a rat must swim thru murky water to find a rest platform that’s just under the surface
morris water maze task
brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
korsakoff’s syndrome (wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
dosomedial thalamus
the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex
dosomedial thalamus
the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex
guessing to fill in memory gaps
confabulation
part of the intracellular support structure of axons
tau protein
loss of certain types of semantic memory (knowledge)
semantic demntia
A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Hebbian synapse
A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
Hebbian synapse
marine invertebrate related to the common slug
aplysia
touch the siphon, mantle, or grill and aplysia vigorously w/draws irritated structure
habituation
an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli
sensitization
occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it w/brief but rapid series of stimuli
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
3 properties of LTP
specificity
cooperativity
associativity
opposite change than occurs in the hippocampus and cerebellum
Long-term depression (LTD)
NMDA receptor is different–
its response to glutamate depends on degree of polarization across the membrane
involves the way we store information while we’re working with it
Working memory
often due to chronic alcoholism
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Clumps of beta amyloid that cluster among axon terminals- lead to disruption of neural transmission
plaques
result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons
tangles
result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons
tangles
ppl w/parietal lobe damage
appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)
ppl w/parietal lobe damage
appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)
only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become streghtenred
specificity
simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon (2 is much better than 1)
cooperativity
pairing a weak input w/a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input
associativity
a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others.
Long Term Depression (LTD)
What is the best way to improve learning and memory
to study better in the 1st place.
if your curiosity is high you’re more likely to remember the answer to a question.
activity in several brain areas increase.
a good study technique is to arouse curiosity in a person
Effects of stimulants (caffeine) and methylphenidate (ritalin)
both increase arousal thus help memory by increasing blood flow to the brain
