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Biological Psy. > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

pairing 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them

A

classical condition

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2
Q

classical condition

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

classical condition

A

Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

start by presenting; initially elicits no special response (e.g., sound from metronome)

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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5
Q

then present; Automatically elicits an Unconditioned response (e.g., meat elicits salvation in dog)

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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6
Q

After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

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7
Q

After several pairings of the CS and UCS, the dog begins making a new, learned response to the CS

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

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8
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant Conditioning

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9
Q

any event that increases the future probability of the response

A

reinforcer

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10
Q

an event that suppresses the frequency of the response

A

punishment

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11
Q

learning that occurs as result of observing the experiences of others

A

observational learning

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12
Q

the natural tendency to imitate the behaviors of significant others

A

modeling

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13
Q

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill

A

conditioned taste aversion

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14
Q

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food b/c it once made the person ill

A

conditioned taste aversion

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15
Q

Pavlov’s proposal

A

classical conditioning reflects a strengthened connection between a CS center and a UCS center in the brain

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16
Q

the physical representation of what has been learned (e.g., a connection between 2 brain areas)

A

Engram

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17
Q

all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, and any part of cortex can substitute for any other

A

equipotentiality

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18
Q

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

A

mass action

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19
Q

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

A

mass action

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20
Q

looked for the engram in the cerebellum, not the cerebral cortex

A

thompson and colleagues

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21
Q

distinguished between short-term memory and long-term memory

A

Hebb

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22
Q

memory for events that just occurred

A

Short-term memory

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23
Q

memory for events from further back

A

long-term memory

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24
Q

requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

A

delayed response task

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25
Q

alternative to short term memory

A

Working memory

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26
Q

memory loss

A

amnesia

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27
Q

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

A

anterograde amnesia

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28
Q

loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

A

retrograde amnesia

29
Q

underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres

A

H.M. (Henry Molaison)

30
Q

underwent surgery in 1953 for epileptic seizures- hippocampus removed from both hemispheres

A

H.M. (Henry Molaison)

31
Q

Memory for specific events in your life

A

episodic memory

32
Q

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of info; you recognize it as a memory

A

Explicit memory

33
Q

AKA declarative memory

A

explicit memory

34
Q

An influence of recent experience on behavior. You don’t recognize that influence (don’t recognize it as a memory)

A

Implicit memory

35
Q

Development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory

A

procedural memory

36
Q

The hippocampus is critical for declarative memory , especially episodic memory

A

larry Squire

37
Q

Animal sees object (the sample) and then, after delay, gets a choice between 2 objects

A

delayed matching-to-sample task

38
Q

the same, except that the animal must choose the object that’s different from the sample

A

delayed nonmatching- to-sample task

39
Q

the same, except that the animal must choose the object that’s different from the sample

A

delayed nonmatching- to-sample task

40
Q

has 8 or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end

A

radial maze

41
Q

a rat must swim thru murky water to find a rest platform that’s just under the surface

A

morris water maze task

42
Q

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency

A

korsakoff’s syndrome (wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

43
Q

dosomedial thalamus

A

the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

44
Q

dosomedial thalamus

A

the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

45
Q

guessing to fill in memory gaps

A

confabulation

46
Q

part of the intracellular support structure of axons

A

tau protein

47
Q

loss of certain types of semantic memory (knowledge)

A

semantic demntia

48
Q

A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A

Hebbian synapse

49
Q

A synapse that increases in effectiveness b/c of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A

Hebbian synapse

50
Q

marine invertebrate related to the common slug

A

aplysia

51
Q

touch the siphon, mantle, or grill and aplysia vigorously w/draws irritated structure

A

habituation

52
Q

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of exposure to more intense stimuli

A

sensitization

53
Q

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it w/brief but rapid series of stimuli

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

54
Q

3 properties of LTP

A

specificity
cooperativity
associativity

55
Q

opposite change than occurs in the hippocampus and cerebellum

A

Long-term depression (LTD)

56
Q

NMDA receptor is different–

A

its response to glutamate depends on degree of polarization across the membrane

57
Q

involves the way we store information while we’re working with it

A

Working memory

58
Q

often due to chronic alcoholism

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

59
Q

Clumps of beta amyloid that cluster among axon terminals- lead to disruption of neural transmission

A

plaques

60
Q

result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons

A

tangles

61
Q

result from abnormal concentrations of tau protein inside neurons- lead to death of neurons

A

tangles

62
Q

ppl w/parietal lobe damage

A

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)

63
Q

ppl w/parietal lobe damage

A

appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously (associating one piece of detail w/another)

64
Q

only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become streghtenred

A

specificity

65
Q

simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon (2 is much better than 1)

A

cooperativity

66
Q

pairing a weak input w/a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

A

associativity

67
Q

a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others.

A

Long Term Depression (LTD)

68
Q

What is the best way to improve learning and memory

A

to study better in the 1st place.
if your curiosity is high you’re more likely to remember the answer to a question.
activity in several brain areas increase.
a good study technique is to arouse curiosity in a person

69
Q

Effects of stimulants (caffeine) and methylphenidate (ritalin)

A

both increase arousal thus help memory by increasing blood flow to the brain

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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