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Biological Psy. > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

CONTROL THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND OTHER ORGANS

DON’T HAVE A WHOLE LOT OF CONTROL OF THESE!

A

smooth muscles

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2
Q

CONTROL MOVEMENT OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT

A

skeletal or striated muscles

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3
Q

HEART MUSCLES THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLES

A

cardiac muscles

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4
Q

A SYNAPSE BETWEEN A MOTOR NEURON AXON AND A MUSCLE FIBER

A

neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

RELEASE OF CHEMICALS CAUSES THE MUSCLE TO CONTRACT: - excites the muscle; makes it contract

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

flexor muscles

extensor muscles

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7
Q

FLEXES OR RAISES AN APPENDAGE

A

flexor

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8
Q

ONE THAT EXTENDS AN APPENDAGE OR STRAIGHTENS IT

A

extensor

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9
Q

FIbERS PRODUCE FAST CONTRACTIONS, BUT FATIGUE RAPIDLY

A

fast-twitch fibers

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10
Q

FIBERS PRODUCE LESS VIGOROUS CONTRACTION W/O FATIGUE

A

slow-twitch fibers

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11
Q

uses oxygen; SLOW TWITCH FIBERS; REQUIRE OXYGEN DURING MOVEMENT AND THEREFORE DO NOT FATIGUE

A

aerobic

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12
Q

does not use oxygen at the time; FAST TWITCH; USE REACTIONS THAT DON’T NEED OXYGEN= FATIGUE

A

anaerobic

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13
Q

receptor that detects position or movement of a part of the body

A

proprioceptor

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14
Q

OCCURS WHEN MUSCLE PROPRIOCEPTORS DETECT THE STRETCH AND TENSION OF A MUSCLE AND SEND MeSSageS TO THE SPINAL CORD TO CONTRACT IT

A

stretch reflex

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15
Q

knee jerk reflex

A

stretch reflex

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16
Q

receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

A

muscle spindle

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17
Q

respond to increases in muscle tension; ANOTHER TYPE OF PROPRIOCEPTOR; LOCATED IN THE TENDONS AT THE OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE MUSCLE; ACTS AS A “BRAKE” AGAINST EXCESSIVELY VIGOROUS CONTRACTION BY SENDING AN IMPULSE TO THE SPINAL CORD WHERE MOTOR NEURONS ARE INHIBITED.

A

Golgi tendon organs

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18
Q

consistent automatic responses to stimuli

A

reflexes

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19
Q

they are insensitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations

A

involuntary

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20
Q

STRETCH REFLEX, DILATION OF THE PUPIL; MOVEMENTS THAT ONCE INITIATED, CANNOT BE ALTERED OR CORRECTED; THIS IS WHAT REFLEXES ARE

A

ballistic movements

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21
Q

neural mechanisms in spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

A

central pattern generators

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22
Q

a fixed sequence of movements THAT IS EITHER LEARNED OR BUILT INTO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

motor program

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23
Q

do humans have any built-in motor programs?

A

yes, yawning

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24
Q

Infant reflexes

A

grasp reflex, babinski, reflex, rooting reflex

25
Q

Pioneering work of Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig (1870); direct stimulation of the ______ elicits movements; does not send messages directly to the muscles

A

primary motor cortex

26
Q

active when ppl “intend” a movement & “orders” an outcome

A

primary motor cortex

27
Q

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

A

the posterior parietal cortex

28
Q

DAMAGE TO THIS AREA CAUSES DIFFICULTY IN COORDINATING VISUAL STIMULI W/MOVEMENT; CAN’T WALK AROUND/TO OBJECTS; CAN’T REACH OUT TO GRAB IT

A

posterior parietal cortex

29
Q

stores sensory information relevant to a movement and also plans movements according to their probable outcomes

A

prefrontal cortex

30
Q

most active immediately before a movement. Receives info about a target to which the body is directing its movement, as well as information about the body’s current position and posture; INTEGRATES INFO ABOUT POSITION AND POSTURE OF THE BODY; ORGANIZES THE DIRECTION OF THE MOVEMENT IN SPACE

A

premotor cortex

31
Q

along with the prefrontal cortex, is important for planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements in a particular order; ORGANIZES RAPID SEQUENCE OF MOVEMENTS IN A SPECIFIC ORDER; INHIBITORY IF NECESSARY

A

supplementary motor cortex

32
Q

I decide to do something, and then I do it.” This is obvious to us. Is it correct?

A

THERE’S SOME SORT OF DELAY; BRAIN BECAME AWARE OF IT BACK WHEN IT DECIDED TO DO IT, BEFORE YOU ACTUALLY DO IT

33
Q

voluntary decision is at first…

A

unconscious

34
Q

paths from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tracts

35
Q

A MIDBRAIN AREA W/OUTPUT MAINLY TO THE ARM MUSCLES

A

red nucleus

36
Q

includes axons from many parts of cerebral cortex

A

medial corticospinal tract

37
Q

A BRAIN AREA THAT RECEIVES INFO FROM THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM!

A

vestibular nucleus

38
Q

little brain

A

the cerebellum

39
Q

one effect of cerebellar damage

A

CAUSES TROUBLE W/RAPID MOVEMENTS REQUIRING AIM/TIMING

EX: CLAPPING HANDS, SPEAKING, WRITING, ETC.

40
Q

proposed that a key role of the cerebellum is to establish new motor programs that enable one to execute a sequence of actions as a whole

A

ito

41
Q

flat cells in sequential planes

A

purkinje cells

42
Q

axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

A

parallel fibers

43
Q

group lrg subcortical structures in the forebrain

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

44
Q

voluntary eye movement from one target to another

A

saccade

45
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements, difficulty initiating physical and mental activity, slow cognitive tasks

46
Q

chemical that converts to MPP

A

MPTP

47
Q

accumulates in, and then destroys, neurons that release dopamine

A

MPP+

48
Q

the protein that codes the disease’s gene

A

huntingtin

49
Q

what controls the speed of our movements?

A
  • WALKING IN ITSELF REQUIRES SO MUCH EFFORT; MOVE AT A RATE OF HOW MUCH EFFORT WE HAVE TO PUT INTO IT. DEPENDS ON HOW MUCH EFFORT WE CHOOSE TO GIVE; OR ENERGY.
50
Q

symptoms with parkinson’s

A

DEPRESSION, MEMORY, AND REASONING DEFICITS, LOSS OF OLFACTION (SMELL; ONE OF 1ST THINGS THAT TENDS TO GO), AND OTHER COGNITIVE DEFICITS

51
Q

loss of dopamine activity leads to less stimulation of motor cortex and slower onset of movements

A

cerebral cortex

52
Q

What about genetic influences?

A
  1. STRONG) STUDIES SUGGEST EARLY- ONSET PARKINSON’S HAS A GENETIC LINK
  2. GENETIC FACTORS ARE ONLY A SMALL FACTOR OF LATE ONSET PARKINSON’S DISEASE (AFTER 50)
53
Q

smoking and coffee

A

• ARE RELATED TO A DECREASED CHANCE OF DEVELOPING PARKINSON’S DISEASE

54
Q

why do coffee and smoking decrease chances?

A

• DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA OF CELLS SEEMS TO BE COMMON TO MOST FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE

55
Q

what effect of marijuana?

A

risk increases somewhat

56
Q

PRIMARY TREATMENT FOR PARKINSON’S AND IS A PRECURSOR TO DOPAMINE THAT EASILY CROSSES THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

A

L-dopa Treatment

57
Q

Problems with L-dopa

A
  1. Ineffective for some patients, especially those in late stages
  2. L-dopa does not prevent continued loss of neurons
  3. L-dopa produces unpleasant side effects; B/C IT ENTERS OTHER BRAIN CELLS
58
Q
  • Disorder is associated with gradual, extensive brain damage, especially in caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Also in cerebral cortex
A

Huntington’s disease

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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