Chapter 9

Question 1

normal flora describes

a. microorganism usually present on body surfaces
b. microorganisms causing disease
c. secondary disease producers
d. pathogens transmitted by carriers

Answer 1

a. microorganisms usually present on body surfaces

Question 2

The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called:

a. colonization
b. infectivity
c. pathogenicity
d. virulence

Answer 2

d. virulence

Question 3

An opportunistic infection is:

a. a primary infection by a pathogen
b. a secondary infection by an additional pathogen
c. an infection by a weak pathogen or normal flora when the immune system is compromised
d. infection by a virulent pathogen when the immune system is compromised

Answer 3

c. an infection by a weak pathogen or normal flora when the immune system is compromised

Question 4

During convalescence:

a. symptoms usually develop
b. the pathogens multiply rapidly
c. the inflammatory and immune response are triggered
d. the individuals inflammatory and immune responses have succeeded

Answer 4

d. the individuals inflammatory and immune responses have succeeded

Question 5

when bacteria overcome the body’s defenses and enter the blood it is called:

a. septicemia
b. pathogenicity
c. toxemia
d. asepsis

Answer 5

a. septicemia

Question 6

colonization requires:

a. rapid division
b. adhesion
c. streptolysin O
d. phagosome-lysosome fusion

Answer 6

b. adhesion

Question 7

lack of permanent immunity against a virus is due to:

a. small doses of virus that are insufficient to elicit an immune response
b. deficient response by an individuals immune system.
c. the immune system being unable to provide immunity for viruses.
d. antigenic drift of the same virus that is not recognized at a later time by the immune system as foreign

Answer 7

d. antigenic drift of the same virus that is not recognized at a later time by the immune system as foreign

Question 8

Antigenic drift:

a. occurs from genome recombination
b. results from mutations
c. occurs from gene switching
d. allows immunity to persist once it has developed

Answer 8

b. results from mutations

Question 9

Endotoxins:

a. are proteins
b. high highly specific effects
c. are immunogenic
d. activate the inflammatory process and cause fever

Answer 9

d. activate the inflammatory process and cause fever

Question 10

which of the following is true of AIDS:

a. the T4/T8 is greater than 1:1
b. The individual will have decreased numbers of CD4 cells or helper cells
c. The individual will likely be seronegative
d. The individual will unlikely develop cancer

Answer 10

b. The individual will have decreased numbers of CD4 cells or helper cells

Question 11

Fungi:

a. can be treated with vaccines
b. have peptidoglycans in their walls
c. contan no nuclei
d. can adapt to the host’s environment and low oxygen levels

Answer 11

d. can adapt to the host’s environment and low oxygen levels

Question 12

The hallmark of most infectious disease is fever. Characteristics of fever include:

a. the body’s inability to regulate temperature
b. direct causation by exogenous pyrogens
c. an indirect effect of endogenous pyrogen from the host’s cells on the hypothalamus
d. a hypersensitivity response

Answer 12

c. an indirect effect of endogenous pyrogen from the host’s cells on the hypothalamus

Question 13

The primary immune response from vaccination

a. is generally long lasting
b. is increased by booster injections to increase the number of memory cells and sustain protective levels of both antibodies and T cells
c. develops in response to repeated antigenic exposure.
d. destroys the pathogen once the disease has started

Answer 13

b. is increased by booster injections to increase the number of memory cells and sustain protective levels of both antibodies and T cells

Question 14

Antibiotics:

a. are synthetic products from bacteria
b. are effective against virus because the virus uses the enzymes of the host’s cells
c. cause intercellular fusion between the host’s cells
d. may inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls

Answer 14

d. may inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls

Question 15

Antibiotic sensitive microbes mutate and develop resistance to particular antibiotics. Resistance occurs because of:

a. alteration of bacterial cell membranes so that the antibiotic no longer enters the bacterial cell.
b. activation of inhibitor enzymes produced by the resistant microbe
c. decreased synthesis of an essential metabolite that is antagonistic for the drug
d. the lipid containing outer membrane of gram positive bacteria

Answer 15

a. alteration of bacterial cell membranes so that the antibiotic no longer enters the bacterial cell.

Question 16

as the body is bombarded by foreign invaders, the immune systems sequential response is which of the following

1. macrophages engulf foreign matter
2. Helper T Cells multiply and activate B cells
3. Complement attaches to the invader
4. B cells form plasma cells to produce antibodies
5. macrophages present antigens from ingested invaders to the hosts cells.
6. Neutrophils arrive at the invasion site
7. Some B cells and T Cells become memory cells
8. Suppressor T cells slow or stop immune responses
9. Killer T Cells form and destroy the invader.

Answer 16

B:6 3 1 5 2
Neutrophils arrive at the invasion site
Complement attaches to the invader
Macrophages engulf foreign matter
Macrophages present antigens from ingested invaders to the host’s cells
Helper T cells multiply and activate B cells

Question 17

The sequence of viral host cell infection is which of the following:

1. Penetration
2. Insertion of viral genome into the host cell
3. adsorption
4. uncoating
5. viral genome replication
6. viral protein synthesis
7. maturation
8. budding
9. Release of new infective virions

Answer 17

Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Insertion of viral genome into the host cell
Release of new infective virions.

Question 18

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Staphylococcus
a. Produces proteins that inhibit complement
b.Causes Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Infects urethra and produces a protease that digests IgA
c. common cold

Answer 18

Produces proteins that inhibit complement

Question 19

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae:
a. intracellular parasite
b. common cold
c. causes STD
d. Infects urethra and produces a protease that digests IgA

Answer 19

Causes Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infects urethra and produces a protease that digests IgA

Question 20

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Group A Streptococci
a. variola
b. Antigen resembles human myocardial tissue
c. causes a typical pneumonia

Answer 20

Antigen resembles human myocardial tissue

Question 21

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
a. Produces proteins that inhibit complement
b. Causes Atypical Pneumonia
c. common cold

Answer 21

Causes Atypical Pneumonia

Question 22

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Chlamydia
a.  intracellular parasite
b. Causes Atypical Pneumonia
c. causes STDs

Answer 22

Causes STDs

Question 23

(Match the Pathogen to its diseases or characteristic)
Hepatitis B Virus
a. Intracellular parasite
b. Causes STDs
c. fever blisters

Answer 23

Intracellular parasite

Question 24

(Match the evasive strategy with its defensive mechanism)
Coating with self
a. Adsorption of fibronectin or IgG
b. Shedding surface antigens.
c. multiple in phagosomes

Answer 24

Adsorption of fibronectin or IgG

Question 25

(Match the evasive strategy with its defensive mechanism)
Neutralization of immune molecules
a. Adsorption of fibronectin or IgG
b. Shedding surface antigens.
c. multiple in phagosomes

Answer 25

Shedding surface antigens.