Chapter 9

Question 1

Evidence to show growth of urbanisation under Nicholas II

Answer 1

• 2million factory workers in Russia by 1900, but 6million by 1913
• Between 1867-1914, the urban population quadrupled

Question 2

Evidence to show urban influx from countryside under Nicholas II

Answer 2

By 1914, 3 out of 4 people living in St Petersburg were peasants by birth

Question 3

What was the affect of urban migration on the upholding of autocracy under Nicholas II

Answer 3

Those moving, were less influenced by the Church, and more influenced by revolutionary groups

Question 4

Living conditions in cities under Nicholas II

Answer 4

• Barrack like buildings
• 40% of houses had no running water or sewage system
• 30,000 died of cholera between 1908-09
• Those who couldn’t afford rent lay down by their machinary

Question 5

Evidence to show poor urban sanitation under Nicholas II

Answer 5

30,000 died of cholera between 1908-09

Question 6

Role of women industrially under Nicholas II

Answer 6

Comprised of 1/3 of industrial workforce but were paid >1/2 men’s average wage

Question 7

Positive legislation regarding urban workers under Nicholas II

Answer 7

In 1897, hours of work reduced from 11.5 to 10

Question 8

Evidence to show brutallity of working conditions under Nicholas II

Answer 8

• In 1912, workers at Lena Goldfields went on strike over inedible horsemeat
• Troops were sent, killing 270 and wounding a further 250

Question 9

Extent of strip farming by 1914

Answer 9

Persisted on 90% land

Question 10

What was most rural hostility a result of under Nicholas II

Answer 10

Gap between richest and poorest sectors increased

Question 11

What linked poorer rural areas (mostly around central provinces)

Answer 11

Increased revolutionary activity

Question 12

Evidence to show that living and working conditions in the countryside were still grim under Nicholas II

Answer 12

A large proportion of peasants were still turned down as being too unfit for military service

Question 13

Literacy by 1914

Answer 13

60%

Question 14

How did the role of the Church change over Nicholas II’s rule for the peasantry

Answer 14

Largely unblemished

Question 15

How did the role of the Church change over Nicholas II’s rule for the peasantry

Answer 15

Had less infleunce over urban population, and revolutionary groups had growing influence

Question 16

How did class structure change under Nicholas II

Answer 16

• No attacks on landed wealth to diminsih their income, and nobility were regularly appoint the Provincial Governorships
• Majority retained their previous wealth and status
• Middle class grew due to new opportunity of economic advancements
• Role of peasantry and urban workers same

Question 17

Evidence to show that by outbreak of war, majority of country still greatly supportive of Tsar

Answer 17

• Tercentenary celebrations of 1913
• Nicholas greeted with such adoration

Question 18

Summary statement of Tsarist government’s greatest mistake under Nicholas II

Answer 18

The gravest mistake of the Tsarist governement was it’s faliure to response effectively to the effects of social change in the cities, for it was from the large and discontent urban working class, that the impetus for change would come

Question 19

How did the patriarchy change under Nicholas II

Answer 19

Unchanged, although new opportunities for women surfacing

Question 20

How did education develop under Nicholas II

Answer 20

• Governement expenditure rose from 5million to 82million by 1914 on primary schools
• Secondary and higher education remained elitist
• Numbers at university increased by almost 17x

Question 21

Cultural change under Nicholas II

Answer 21

• A ‘silver age’ of literture was established, particularly dominated by poets writing ballads
• By 1914, culture had broadened and diversified to encompass a much wider group than just the intellegentisia

Question 22

Link between development of society and economy under Nicholas II

Answer 22

Russia was culturally as advanced as it’s more economically advanced neighbours