Chapter 8

Question 1

Annual average economic growth rate under Nicholas II

Answer 1

8% per annum

Question 2

Foreign investment increase under Nicholas II

Answer 2

280mil roubles in 1894, to 2,000mil roubles in 1914, with France supplying majority

Question 3

How did Witte encourage foreign confidence in investment under Nicholas II

Answer 3

Introduced a new rouble backed by the value of gold in January 1897

Question 4

What was the importance of developing the railway system under Nicholas II

Answer 4

Linked major cities with grain growing areas and Black Sea ports

Question 5

Evidence to show great extent of railway transformation under Nicholas II

Answer 5

By 1913, Russia had the second largest railway trackage in the world at 62,000km (still 8x less than USA)

Question 6

Example of extent of railway transformation under Nicholas II

Answer 6

Trans-Siberian Railway linked European Russia with Moscow and the Pacific Ocean, stretching 7,000km

Question 7

Limitation to the railway network under Nicholas II

Answer 7

Despite being the world’s second largest with 62,000km, it was still 8x smaller than the USA’s network

Question 8

Where did the majority of heavy industry develop under Nicholas II

Answer 8

Around St Petersburg and the Baltic Coast

Question 9

Evidence for coal increase under Nicholas II

Answer 9

Donbas region supplied 87% of Russian coal by 1913

Question 10

Evidence of oil increase under Nicholas II

Answer 10

Trebled from 153mil puds to 570mil puds in Baku

Question 11

Evidence to show huge change in heavy industry under Nicholas II

Answer 11

By 1914, Russia was the fourth largest producer of coal, steel and pig-iron

Question 12

Extent of economic self-sufficieny under Nicholas II

Answer 12

Russia was not only self-sufficient, but able to compete with the USA on the international market

Question 13

Industrial workforce increase from 1887-1908

Answer 13

doubled

Question 14

Limitation to the extent of transformation of industry under Nicholas II

Answer 14

Light industry still accounted for 40% of total industrial output in 1910

Question 15

Key evidence to show that the pace of industrialisation under Nicholas II had been rapid

Answer 15

One of the reasons German generals urged for war in 1914, was that they feared delaying it any longer would allow Russia to out-industrialise the German economy

Question 16

Evidence showing the main reason why the Russian economy couldn’t be transformed under Nicholas II was due to agriculture

Answer 16

Although the rural economy provided a livelihood for 80-90% of the population, it was largely sacrificed in favour of industrialisation until 1906

Question 17

Evidence to show agriculturally, little had changed at the start of Nicholas II’s reign

Answer 17

Traditional practises continued to be perpetuated by the Mir, and the wooden solcha was widely used

Question 18

Evidence that agriculturally, Russia was still weak before reforms from 1906

Answer 18

British grain output was 4x as great

Question 19

Fundamental Stolypin reforms

Answer 19

• Abolished strip-farming
• Abolished redemption payments on 1st January 1907 (although 49 years were nearly up)

Question 20

How significant were Stolypin’s reforms

Answer 20

• Short term - only increased hostility
• Long term - very promising - claimed 20years of peace required to take effect

Question 21

Evidence that Stolypin’s reforms WERE succsessful

Answer 21

By 1909, Russia was the world’s leading cereal exporter

Question 22

Evidence to show that Stolypin’s reforms WEREN’T successful

Answer 22

• By 1914, only around 10% had been transferred from comunal to private ownership, and 90% land was still in strips
• By 1914, fewer than 1% achieved kulak status