Chapter 15

Question 1

First stage of economic development under Lenin, and the purpose of it

Answer 1

State Capitalism - pragmatic approach to revive economy after WW1

Question 2

How did Lenin ensure government was involved with economic developments

Answer 2

Established Veshenka in December 1917 to oversee economic growth

Question 3

Why was State Capitalism a faliure

Answer 3

Workers in control of the factories took unsustainable pay rises, and failed to organise their factories efficiently - led to output rapidly shrinking

Question 4

Evidence to show that State Capitalism was a faliure

Answer 4

In February 1918, Petrograd citizens were living on 50g bread per day as rations

Question 5

Events to show hostility under War Communism

Answer 5

• Mass food requisitioning to feed Red Army soilders
• Persecution of kulaks begin, with stocks being siexed
• Peasants hid crops, and murdered members of the requisitioning squads

Question 6

Evidence for nationalisation under War Communism

Answer 6

• Sugar May 1918
• Oil June 1918
• Later Putilov Iron Works

Question 7

War Communism industrial and agricultural effects

Answer 7

• By 1921 industrial output 20% lower than pre-war levels
• 1921 harvest only produced 48% of 1913 harvest

Question 8

Decline in Russia’s population 1913-21

Answer 8

40million

Question 9

Evidence to show how food was in such shortage during War Communism

Answer 9

Cannibalism and trade in dead bodies was common

Question 10

Largest economic revolt under Lenin

Answer 10

• Tambov rebellion
• August 1920
• 70,000 led by Alexander Antonov
• Posion gas used on those hiding in the forest

Question 11

Most threateneing economic revolt under Lenin

Answer 11

• 30,000 Kronsdat soilders in March 1921
• One of most loyal groups in October revolution

Question 12

Organisation to deal with NEP

Answer 12

Gosplan in February 1921

Question 13

Why was NEP seen as an ideological betrayal

Answer 13

It allowed private enterprise of small businesses

Question 14

Short-term succsess of NEP

Answer 14

Production levels of 1913 had been reached by 1926

Question 15

Name given for Stalin’s aim to establish a command economy

Answer 15

‘Great Turn’

Question 16

Why did Stalin need strong central control over his economy

Answer 16

• USSR military strength
• Idelogical reasons
• Suited his personal leadership style

Question 17

Why was corruption and faulty reporting built into Stalin’s economic policy from the beginning

Answer 17

Faliure to achieve targets was a criminal offense, despite being almost impossible to obtain

Question 18

Extent of success of first five year plan (1928-32)

Answer 18

• Electricity production trebled
• Coal and iron doubled
• Targets not met in chemical industry
• Housing woefully neglected

Question 19

Why heavy industry targets of first five year plan met in four years

Answer 19

Corruption and faulty reporting as faliure to achieve targets was a criminal offense

Question 20

Evidence to show how heavy industry prioritised for proleteriat under Stalin

Answer 20

Magnitogorsk became a mass steel plant, with 150,000 inhabitants

Question 21

Extent of success under second five year plan (1933-37)

Answer 21

• Steel output trebled
• Moscow Metro opened 1935
• Self-sufficient in metal goods by 1937
• Quantity over quality
• Re-arnament grew from 4% of GDP in 1933 to 17% in 1937

Question 22

Extent of success under third five year plan (1938-42)

Answer 22

• Rearmament funds doubled from 1938-40
• Fuel crisis
• Consumer goods were the lowest priority, and decline contributed to by death of good managers and specialists from Stalin’s purges

Question 23

Stalin’s economic announcement in December 1929

Answer 23

He would annihalate the kulaks as a class

Question 24

How did Stalin define a kulak

Answer 24

Those with two horses and four cows or more

Question 25

Extent and impact of Stalin’s dekulakisation

Answer 25

• Removed c10million of most successful farmers
• 15% peasant households destoryed

Question 26

How did Stalin’s dekulakisation impact agricultural output

Answer 26

• c10million most successful farmers removed
• Some killed livesock and destoryed crops
• Livestock numbers didn’t exceed pre-collectivisation levels until 1953

Question 27

What defies Marxism regarding Stalin’s agricultural policy

Answer 27

• Private plots for peasants to sell their own produce of up to 1 acre

Question 28

Succsess of private plots for peasants under Stalin

Answer 28

• Most succsessful
• 52% vegetables and 70% meat produced in this way
• 10 year sentences for those who didn’t fufuil quotas before selling