Chapter 16

Question 1

What did it mean with the official abolition of class titles and ranks in November 1917

Answer 1

Everyone would be a plain citizen, and party officials would be comrades

Question 2

Who were the class enemies under Lenin and Stalin

Answer 2

Burzhui

Question 3

What was the role of the Burzhui under Lenin

Answer 3

• Given menial tasks like sweeping roads
• Houses turned into Kommunalla - communal living space

Question 4

Evidence of class warfare remaining under Lenin, despite contradicting Marxist ideology

Answer 4

• Proleteriat obtain most from rations
• Burzhui barely enough to survive

Question 5

Evidence how class structure has changed for the burzhui from 1921

Answer 5

Even when factory managers re-introduced for NEP, social standing completely different

Question 6

Values of the ideal ‘Soviet Man’

Answer 6

Prioritise the State over themselves and their families in work and in war

Question 7

Brutallity of Lenin’s measures for the proleteriat

Answer 7

By 1921, workers failing to meet targets would be shot

Question 8

Evidence to show Stalin’s harsh treatment of proleteriat

Answer 8

Workers arriving late would result in immediate dismissal and eviction from housing

Question 9

Despite going against Marxist ideology, what did Stalin do to encourage greater work amongst the proleteriat

Answer 9

• Introduce wage differentials and bonuses
• Created a ‘diverse proleteriat’

Question 10

What increased competition amongst workers under Stalin

Answer 10

Stakhanoivte Movement

Question 11

How did living-conditions change under Lenin and Stalin

Answer 11

• Remained primitive in the countryside
• In towns, conditions became more cramped, with erratic water supplies

Question 12

Summary as to change in class structure under Lenin and Stalin

Answer 12

An autocratic elitist society, instead of becoming a ‘classless socieity’, had been replaced by a new hierarch, that remained highly stratified, dominated by the party

Question 13

What group of society experianced a transformation under Lenin

Answer 13

Women

Question 14

How did Lenin significantly improve the lives of women

Answer 14

• In November 1917, divorce was made easier and less expensive
• Abortion legalised in 1920
• Girls given same education opportunities as boys

Question 15

Evaluation of why despite Lenin’s reforms, lives of women remained poor under Lenin

Answer 15

• Still expected to work and look after their famalies
• For most, the double burden of work and home, made for a grim life with constant toil

Question 16

Stalin’s policies to women

Answer 16

• Divorce attacked, with importance of marriage re-emphasised
• From 1936, large fees introduced to deter divorce
• Financial incentives to those with large famlies
• Contraception banned

Question 17

Stalin’s use of propaganda for women

Answer 17

In films and art, women portrayed as less masculaine, and more feminine with a family and children

Question 18

Evaluation of how effective Stalin’s and Lenin’s policies were to women

Answer 18

• 43% of industrial workforce were female by 1940, but on average, women earned 40% less than men, and didn’t hold many administrative positions
• Still 150 abortions for every 57 live births

Question 19

How did education policies change under Lenin and Stalin

Answer 19

• Lenin established the Commisariat of Englightenment which provided free education at all levels
• Under Stalin, many schools became responsability of town or collective farm
• From 1921, the teaching of religion was forbidden in schools
• Universities put under Veshenka control as were seen as agencies for delivering economic growth
• If students performed poorly, the teachers were blamed and were purged

Question 20

What did the academic curriculum look like under Stalin

Answer 20

• 30% Russian literature and language
• Military training in the years before the war

Question 21

Literacy rates by 1941

Answer 21

94% in towns

Question 22

Youth groups under Lenin

Answer 22

• RKSM founded in 1918 for those 14-21
• In 1926 was renamed Komsomoll and age range extended from 10-28

Question 23

How did Stalin change youth groups

Answer 23

• Used them as a political tool
• Became directly affiliated with the party in 1939

Question 24

To what extent was their opposition for youth groups

Answer 24

• Direct opposition was very rare
• Instead, those favouring Western culture - like jazz - were branded ‘hooligans’

Question 25

How did Lenin ensure Marxist ideology with religion in schools

Answer 25

From 1921, teaching of religion in schools was forbidden

Question 26

Religious persecution under Lenin

Answer 26

Church possesions sold during the civil war to raise funds

Question 27

Religious persecution under Stalin

Answer 27

• In 1925, the League of Godless co-ordinated anti-religious propoganda
• For Muslims, pilgrimages to Mecca were banneed in 1935
• By 1941, over 60,000 religious houses had been convered to cineams, schools and more

Question 28

Evaluation of how effective Lenin and Stalin were at removing religion from society

Answer 28

In 1937, 57% of people still defined themselves as ‘believers’

Question 29

Tolerance to national minorities under Lenin

Answer 29

In 1917, anti-semetic laws were abolished, and Finland became independant

Question 30

Evidence to show Stalin’s harshness to national minorities

Answer 30

• From 1938, all teaching was to be done in Russian, and was the only language to be used in The Red Army
• Mass deportations in 1930s, with nearly 1.5million Poles being deported

Question 31

Importance of propaganda for Stalin

Answer 31

For barely literate peasants, striking imges were highly effective at mobilising support

Question 32

When Petrograd renamed to Leningrad

Answer 32

1924

Question 33

Stalin’s outlook on culture and arts

Answer 33

Only valuable if it supported a socialist ideology

Question 34

Measures to show supressiveness of creative individualism under Stalin

Answer 34

From 1932, all writiers had to belong to ‘The Union of Soviet Writers’

Question 35

Evidence that Stalin was supressive with arts and culture

Answer 35

When a theatre owner spoke out about the closing of an opera, he was shot and his wife, stabbed to death

Question 36

Summary sentence for how the State’s role had progressed in people’s lives

Answer 36

Individualism was politically suspect, and the State was prevelent in everybodies lives