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A-LEVEL RUSSIA > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When emancipation edict

A

March 1861

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2
Q

How many serfs emancipated

A

51million

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3
Q

when state serfs receive freedom

A

1866

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4
Q

Why did the emancipation of the serfs not have the benefits that it could’ve had

A
  • Pay redemption payments for 49 years
  • Only leave commune with Mir’s permission
  • Land allocations were rarely fair, with the average peasant recieving less than four hectares
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5
Q

How much did the average peasant recieve from land allocation after emancipation

A

Less than 4 hectares

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6
Q

Statistic to show how no mobile labour force after emancipation

A

Around 15% serfs remained obliged to their landlords until 1881

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7
Q

Extent of development of Kulak class after emancipation

A

Less than 1% of population by 1914

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8
Q

Statistic to show extent of outrage over emancipation edict

A

647 outbreaks or riots in the four months that followed the decree

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9
Q

Statistic to show how emancipation of the serfs didn’t provide economic promise

A

By 1878, only 50% of peasantary were producing a surplus

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10
Q

What is important to remember regarding all of Alexander II’s reforms

A

Intended to maintain autocracy

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11
Q

What motives for reform did Alexander II gain from his childhood

A

Tutored by Romantic Poet, Vasily Zhukovsy

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12
Q

What motives for reform did Alexander II gain from nobles

A

Circle of progressive nobles came into prominence - ‘Party of St Petersburg Progress’

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13
Q

What motives for reform did Alexander II gain from family

A
  • Brother Grand Duke Konstantin
  • Aunt, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna
  • All fuelled his determination to act
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14
Q

How significant was serf disoder in relation to the emancipation of the serfs

A

Posed no real threat to autocracy, but Alexander used it as an excuse to convince the nobles that emancipation was necessary

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15
Q

Statistic to show how serf disorder was increasing before emancipation

A

Between 1840-4, there had been fewer than 30 outbreak of disorder per year. This figure more than doubled in the next 15 years

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16
Q

What did Milyutin believe was needed in order to modernise the army

A

A free population (achieved through emancipation)

17
Q

Significant introduction in 1864

A

Zemstva

18
Q

Limitations of zemstva

A
  • Voting procedure allowed nobility to dominate
  • No control over state and local taxes
  • When introduced, Land Captains could overturn descisions
19
Q

Powers of zemstva

A
  • Could improve public services, and administer relief to the poor in times of hardship
  • Gave opposition a platform to speak out from
20
Q

Influence of the Church under Alexander II

A

Remained unchanged

21
Q

Did emancipation change the way in which peasants attended to their crops

A

No

22
Q

Nickname of Alexander II

A

‘Tsar Liberator’

23
Q

Summary statement for the reason why some felt hostile to Alexander II’s reforms

A

The tsarist Government approached reform in a piecemeal fashion, meaning expectations were raised which were then not fulfiled

24
Q

Milyutin’s military reforms

A
  • Conscription down to 15years, with 10 in reserve
  • Military colonies abolished
  • New command structure establsihed
  • Mass education campaigns
25
Q

What shows the limitations of Milyutins’ military reforms

A
  • Officer class remained largely ariostocratic
  • Struggled to beatTurkey 1877-78
  • Lost to Japan 1904-05
26
Q

In Alexander II’s progressive years, what were the judicial changes

A
  • Courts opened
  • Lawyers and jury introduced
  • Judges given better training and pay
  • Proceedings freely reported by the ‘Russian Courier’ newspaper
27
Q

Limitations to Alexander II’s judicial progressive reforms

A

Peasantry in volost courts still treated differently to those of higher status

28
Q

Education reforms in Alexander II’s progressive period

A
  • Schooling transferred from Church to zemstva
  • Schools declared open to all regardless of sex or class
29
Q

Statistic to show how primary schools increased under Alexander II and III

A

Number of schools rose from 8,000 in 1856 to 23,000 in 1880

A-LEVEL RUSSIA (6 decks)

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