Chapter 23 Flashcards
what was the main form of cultural dissidence under stalin
new potential ideological enemy of those returning from the west after the gpw
why did those returning from the west pose a threat to stalin
potentially want more parties and elections
in realitiy, how threatening were those returning from the west to Stalin
More seen as potential opposition, fuelled by Stalin’s paranoia - not actually a threat, especially as majority in gulags
Was there any material cultural dissidence under stalin post-gpw
No: non-existant
what was tamizdat, and well-known example
Publishing their work aborad to avoid censorship - Boris Pasternak’s Dr Zhivago was published in Italy, 1957
what was samizdat
Laboriously duplicating material by hand or by type-writer on carbon paper. copies then circulated by personal contact
punishement for being caught in act of samizdat
labour camps
example khrushchev showing personal support for anti-Stalinist culture
On 29 June, 1958 a monument to Cladimir Mayakovksy a sateriacl poet who criticised the Stalisnt system was unveiled in Moscow
what group did cultural dissidence mostly come from
young
how threatening was cultural dissidence to khrushchev
- not extreme threat
- gowing discontent comes from young mostly
- yet, encouraged hard-line political opposition
- Can be used as evidence for discontent with other reformist policy
Evidence of how Khrushchev didn’t support any cultural dissidence tha went further than being anti-Stalinist
In 1961, 130,000 people were identified as leading an anti-social parasitic way of life
Range of punishments for extreme cultural dissidence
take unskilled jobs like street cleaners or go to labour camps or even mental hospitals
evidence of how khrushchev still persecuted prominent figures if deemed to dissident
In 1963, poet and essayist Joseph Brodsky who would become a Nobel laureate was charged with ‘social parsitism’ and sentenced to five years manual labour
what was khurshchevs personal tase in regards to culture
Conservative
Example of defection and treatment of this under khrushcehv
- Rudolf Nureyev
- performed ballet and modern dance
- defected on oversea tour in 1961
- KGB used variety of methody to persuade him to return, including suggesting his mother was dangerously ill
summary of hard-line opposition to stalin post-gpw
didn’t really exist, as purged before becoming threatening (e.g Georgian purge)
Who were main hardline oppositio to khrushchev
molotov and malenkov
what is the thing that hardline oppo to khruschev could not forgive
Secret Speech, 1956
How did khrushcehv deal with political oppinents
demoted not killed (molotov became ambassador to Mongolia , Malenkov became direction of an HEP station in Kazakhstan)
Dealing with political opponents under khrushchev - evidence
First few months 1956 - eight to nine million former or present political prisoners rehabilitated
Stat to show First few months 1956 - eight to nine million former or present political prisoners rehabilitated
By 1957 only 2% of prison population were political
Political opposition from general popukation under khrushchev and why
Minimal as most ordinary people had been codnitioned by terror of Stalinist system
When and where was khrushchev when he was summoned to emergency meeting of Presidium
- holiday in Georgia
- October 1964
- urgent phone call from Brezhnev summoning him to Presidium
how did khrushchev officially step down
Resignation paper was presented to him, and he had little option but to sign
