Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What can be said about Nicholas II’s personality

A

Nicholas had excellent manners, could speak several languages and a good memory, but politics bored him

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2
Q

How did Nicholas II’s upbringing affect his autocratic rule

A
  • Brought up by Konstantin Pobendonostev
  • Raised to believe any weakness or concessions were a sign of faliure or cowardice on his part
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3
Q

Nicholas II’s Russification policies from 1894-1904

A
  • Continued Alexander III’s harsh policies
  • Supported right-wing nationalistic gangs like the Black Hundreds
  • Increasing anti-semitism
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4
Q

What key event before Nicholas II’s accension made society as a whole more politicised

A

The Great Famine 1891-92

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5
Q

Evidence to show that unrest was brutally supressed by Nicholas II’s from 1894-04

A
  • In 1901, a squadron of mounted cossacks charged into a crowd of students in St Petersburg
  • Killed 13, and imprisoned 1,500
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6
Q

Evidence to show rural unrest before Stolypin’s reforms

A
  • From 1902-07
  • Peasants set fire to landowners barns, destroyed grain and physically attacked landowners
  • Worse in central provinces
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7
Q

How did Stolypin deal with rural unrest

A
  • Ferociously
  • Floggings, executions and exiling peasants in their thousands
  • Only aggrivated the situation further
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8
Q

Consequence of Stolypin dealing with peasant unrest

A

Ferocity of his actions further only aggrivated the situation further

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9
Q

Evidence for urban unrest 1894-1904

A

Industrial strikes rose from 17,000 in 1894 to 90,000 in 1904

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10
Q

What was the significance of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

A
  • Humiliating defeat for Russia
  • Strong correlation between losses in the war, and discontent in 1905
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11
Q

What was the first event of the 1905 revolution

A

On 3rd January, strikes began at Putilov Iron Works in St Petersburg, with 150,000 involved

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12
Q

What occured on 9th January 1905 (Bloody Sunday)

A
  • Gapon led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace demonstrating the worker’s loyalty but also requesting constitutional reform
  • 12,000 troops used to break-up demonstration
  • At Narva Gates, workers were charged with cavalry leaving 40 dead, and hundreds wounded
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13
Q

Evidence to show military discontent in 1894-1904

A
  • In June 1904
  • Mutiny on Battleship Pomekin over mouldy meat rations
  • 2000 killed and 3000 injured
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14
Q

What event sparked the October Manifesto

A
  • General strike in Moscow brought country to standstill
  • The tsar’s uncle threatened to shoot himself unless reform was instituted
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15
Q

When October Manifesto signed, and what involve

A
  • October 17th 1905
  • Promised contitutional reform through the introduction of the State Duma
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16
Q

Public reaction to October Manifesto

A

General strike called off, and street celebrations

17
Q

What group of society was negatively affected by the October Manifesto

A

Jews - suffered terrible pogroms in final months of 1905

18
Q

With the October Manifesto easing urban unrest, how did Nicholas II ease rurual unrest in 1905

A

Redeption payments halved on 3rd November 1905

19
Q

How were the Duma’s flawed from the outset

A
  • Voting favoured peasantry and nobility who were assumed to support Nicholas II
  • Nicholas could veto decisions
20
Q

When were the Fundamental Laws introduced

A

5 days before the first Duma met

21
Q

What did the Funamental Laws decree

A

Nicholas could dissolve the Duma at will, and rule by decree

22
Q

How critical was the first Duma and why

A
  • Less critical than 2nd as boycotted by Bolsheviks and SR’s
  • Dissolved after 10 weeks
23
Q

How critical was second Duma and why

A

All political parties participated and so was very critical

24
Q

What was Nicholas II’s response to the second Duma

A
  • Reduced weight of peasants + workers vote
  • Increased weight of nobilities vote
  • End of hope of Constitutional Reform for SR’s and SD’s
25
How critical was the third duma and why
Very submissive - agreed to 2200 of the 2500 government proposals
26
How critical was the fourth duma and why
Largely ignored, and influence declined leading up to the war
27
How did Stolypin deal with poltical rural unrest
* In 1906, Stolypin estabslihed court martials to deal with crimes of political intent * Accused weren't allowed a defense * 3000 executed from 1906-09
28
How had issues with government changed from 1904-14
None of the issues sparking the 1905 revolution had been resolved
29
Summary about Nicholas II's rule leading to autocratic instability
While the Russian people became more urbanised, educated and politicised, Nicholas II tried to maintain the seventeenth century autocracy of the dynasty's founder