Chapter 19

Question 1

When launch of Operation Barborossa

Answer 1

Night of 21/22 June 1941

Question 2

How prepared was Stalin for Operation Barborossa

Answer 2

Stalin taken completely by suprise, so the country was not preapred for war

Question 3

What was the turning point in the GPW on the Eastern front

Answer 3

Tank battle at Kursk in April 1943

Question 4

Role of Stavka

Answer 4

Body responsible for all military planning

Question 5

When Stavka established

Answer 5

23rd June 1941

Question 6

When GKO set up by Politburo

Answer 6

30th June 1941

Question 7

Role of GKO

Answer 7

Civilian body responsible for organisation and coordination

Question 8

When did Stalin assume overall military command becoming ‘the supreme war leader’

Answer 8

20th July 1941

Question 9

What did it mean when Stalin assumed the title ‘the supreme war leader’ on 20th July 1941

Answer 9

All authority both political and military rested with Stalin

Question 10

What is the first evidence that the cult of personality was shifting as a result of the GPW

Answer 10

People fought for Russia not communism

Question 11

Examples of incompetent military leaders who were removed in the GPW despite being close to Stalin

Answer 11

Marshals Voroshilov and Budyenny

Question 12

Who replaced incompetent military leaders like Marshals Voroshilov and Budyenny

Answer 12

Men of talent brought back from the gulags

Question 13

What notable civil war veteran did Stalin begin to rely more heavily on as the GPW progressed

Answer 13

Zhukov

Question 14

In what areas did national minorities welcome the German soldiers as liberators after the harsh Stalinism of the 1930s

Answer 14

Estonia, Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine

Question 15

Why did Nazi ideology work to the German disadvantage

Answer 15

Nazis believed inferior slavs should not be allowed to fight alongside Aryans

Question 16

Why was Order 227 issued

Answer 16

When Germans threatned Stalingrad

Question 17

What did Order227 declare

Answer 17

‘Not one step backwards’ - any soilder who fell behind or tried to retreat was the be shot on sight

Question 18

How did Stalin hold disipline within the army

Answer 18

Penal batallions created for those who broke disipline

Question 19

Casualty rates of penal batallions

Answer 19

c50%

Question 20

How did the NKVD enforce control over military during GPW

Answer 20

‘Blocking units’ were equipped with machine guns to prevent desertion or retreat

Question 21

How did poor treatment of national minorities intensify during the GPW

Answer 21

1.5million were deported and only 2/3 survived the journey to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Siberia

Question 22

Evidence in shift in cult of personality during GPW from people fighting for the USSR not communism

Answer 22

In June 1941, only 15% of military had been in the Party, whereas they formed half it’s membership by 1945

Question 23

By the end of 1941, what statistics show extent of German control

Answer 23

• 68% countries iron
• 45% railways
• 41% arable land

Question 24

How many Soviet factories with their workers were moved from the West to the East in 1941

Answer 24

1523

Question 25

Why was managing a war time economy much easier for the USSR than other countries

Answer 25

Centralised command economy already existed

Question 26

Why was the USSR able to move 1523 factories and their workers from the West to the East in 1941

Answer 26

As the centralised command economy was already in place

Question 27

Evidence of how pre-exisiting centralised,command economy meant that it was easy for the USSR to move 1523 factories and workers in 1941

Answer 27

Engels plant in Zaporozhye started production 20 days after it was moved

Question 28

Evidence apart from battle of Kursk that by mid-1943, USSR was militarily superior

Answer 28

Industrial output exceeded Germany, and some weaponary like the Katysusha rocket launcher was of better quality

Question 29

Example explaining for how over 1/4 of the 25million deaths in USSR were due to starvation

Answer 29

Grain harvest of 1942 was only 1/3 of that of 1940

Question 30

Death rate in gulags during war

Answer 30

25%

Question 31

How did workers conditions diminish during GPW

Answer 31

* Overtime became obligatory and holidays were suspended * Working day increased to 12 hours * Normal for workers to sleep in their factories

Question 32

How was control tight for workers during GPW

Answer 32

Unauthorised absence was punishable by death

Question 33

How was propoganda used in GPW

Answer 33

* Deeply patriotic and violently anti-German letters were publsihed in Pravda * Encouraged to say 'Kill the Germans' instead of 'Good Morning' or 'Good Night'

Question 34

How did Stalin use artists to increase morale during GPW

Answer 34

* Pianist Maria Yudina flown into Leningrad to perform live during seige * Shoshtakovich composed his Symphony No.7 with brass players given extra rations to continuously play it during the seige

Question 35

How did Stalin use the Churches during GPW

Answer 35

* The Russian Patriarch was resotres and clergy released from camps * Services were patriotic to bost support and praise Stalin

Question 36

Immediatly after the GPW, how was Stalin depicted

Answer 36

great wartime leader

Question 37

What new opposition was created after the GPW

Answer 37

Those ideologically contaminated by the west

Question 38

How did Stalin deal with the new percieved ideologically contaminated opposition after GPW

Answer 38

* Sent 12 million to the gulags * Returning PoW's sent directly from camps to gulags

Question 39

How many in provinces had nothing but wooden huts to live in after GPW

Answer 39

25 million