Chapter 9 Flashcards
delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes.
circulatory system
three main features
- fluid (blood or hemolymph) that transports materials
- blood vessels
- heart
fluid is circulated through an open body chamber.
open circulatory system
fluid is circulated through blood vessels.
closed circulatory system
[ ] and most [ ] have an open circulatory system.
arthropods; mollusks
[ ], [ ], and a few [ ] have a closed circulatory system.
vertebrates, annelid worms, mollusks
- loses their nucleus at maturity
- make up 99% of blood’s cellular component
- red color due to hemoglobin
red blood cell
composition of hemoglobin
4 protein strands, plus iron-rich heme groups
each hemoglobin molecule can carry four [ ] atoms. The
presence of it turns hemoglobin bright red.
oxygen
RBC lifespan
4 months
iron from hemoglobin is recycled in the [ ] and [ ].
liver, spleen
the hormone [ ], made by the kidneys, stimulates the production of RBCs in red bone marrow.
erythropoeitin
leads to an increase in red cell numbers and hemoglobin concentration.
chronic high-altitude hypoxia
what stimulates erythropoeitin production by kidneys?
oxygen deficiency
defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do
not belong to the body.
white blood cells
white cells are able to ooze through the walls of capillaries to patrol the [ ] and reach the [ ] system
tissues, lymph
cell fragments used in blood clotting.
platelets
platelets are derived from [ ].
megakaryocytes
the consequence of platelets’ lack of nucleus
10-day lifespan
when injured, what does the blood vessel do to control blood flow?
vessel constriction–narrowing of blood vessel
after vessel constriction, these cells are activated to form a plug
platelets
the protein that helps the platelets stick to each other and to the blood vessel wall.
von Willebrand Factor
blood clotting factors trigger production of [ ], which is a strong, strand-like substance that surrounds the platelet plug and forms a mesh-like net that keeps the plug firm and stable.
fibrin
broken cells and platelets release chemicals to stimulate [ ] production.
thrombin
thrombin converts the protein [ ] into sticky fibrin, which binds the clot.
fibrinogen
- holds proteins and other constituents of whole blood in
suspension. - it makes up about 55% of the body’s total blood volume.
- it is the intravascular part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells).
plasma
3 major classes of blood vessels
- arteries and arterioles
- veins and venules
- capillaries
carries blood away from the heart
arteries
carries blood to the heart
veins
narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
vasoconstriction
characteristics of veins
- thinner walls than arteries
- fewer smooth muscles
- has valves
it’s the muscle at the center of your circulation system, pumping blood around your body as your heart beats.
heart
a single atrium receives blood from the body cells. a ventricle sends blood to the gills to collect oxygen.
two-chambered heart
- separate atria allow some separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood, which was an advantage for land
organisms (reptiles, amphibians). - though blood can mix in the ventricle, mixing is minimal.
some reptiles have partial separation of the ventricle.
three-chambered heart
complete separation is necessary to support a fast metabolism found in homeotherms.
four-chambered heart
the right side of heart
collects blood on its return from the body. the blood entering is low on oxygen
called the pacemaker of the heart sends out an electrical impulse.
sinoatrial node
sends an impulse into the ventricles.
atrioventricular node
how heart contractions work
SA node > atria contracts > AV node > ventricles contract or pump
provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get
oxygen and other vital substances.
systematic circulation
where the fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood. At
the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
pulmonary circulation
systole and diastole
contract and relax
