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Human Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes.

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

three main features

A
  • fluid (blood or hemolymph) that transports materials
  • blood vessels
  • heart
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3
Q

fluid is circulated through an open body chamber.

A

open circulatory system

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4
Q

fluid is circulated through blood vessels.

A

closed circulatory system

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5
Q

[ ] and most [ ] have an open circulatory system.

A

arthropods; mollusks

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6
Q

[ ], [ ], and a few [ ] have a closed circulatory system.

A

vertebrates, annelid worms, mollusks

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7
Q
  • loses their nucleus at maturity
  • make up 99% of blood’s cellular component
  • red color due to hemoglobin
A

red blood cell

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8
Q

composition of hemoglobin

A

4 protein strands, plus iron-rich heme groups

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9
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can carry four [ ] atoms. The
presence of it turns hemoglobin bright red.

A

oxygen

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10
Q

RBC lifespan

A

4 months

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11
Q

iron from hemoglobin is recycled in the [ ] and [ ].

A

liver, spleen

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12
Q

the hormone [ ], made by the kidneys, stimulates the production of RBCs in red bone marrow.

A

erythropoeitin

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13
Q

leads to an increase in red cell numbers and hemoglobin concentration.

A

chronic high-altitude hypoxia

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14
Q

what stimulates erythropoeitin production by kidneys?

A

oxygen deficiency

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15
Q

defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do
not belong to the body.

A

white blood cells

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16
Q

white cells are able to ooze through the walls of capillaries to patrol the [ ] and reach the [ ] system

A

tissues, lymph

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17
Q

cell fragments used in blood clotting.

A

platelets

18
Q

platelets are derived from [ ].

A

megakaryocytes

19
Q

the consequence of platelets’ lack of nucleus

A

10-day lifespan

20
Q

when injured, what does the blood vessel do to control blood flow?

A

vessel constriction–narrowing of blood vessel

21
Q

after vessel constriction, these cells are activated to form a plug

A

platelets

22
Q

the protein that helps the platelets stick to each other and to the blood vessel wall.

A

von Willebrand Factor

23
Q

blood clotting factors trigger production of [ ], which is a strong, strand-like substance that surrounds the platelet plug and forms a mesh-like net that keeps the plug firm and stable.

A

fibrin

24
Q

broken cells and platelets release chemicals to stimulate [ ] production.

A

thrombin

25
Q

thrombin converts the protein [ ] into sticky fibrin, which binds the clot.

A

fibrinogen

26
Q
  • holds proteins and other constituents of whole blood in
    suspension.
  • it makes up about 55% of the body’s total blood volume.
  • it is the intravascular part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells).
A

plasma

27
Q

3 major classes of blood vessels

A
  • arteries and arterioles
  • veins and venules
  • capillaries
28
Q

carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries

29
Q

carries blood to the heart

A

veins

30
Q

narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.

A

vasoconstriction

31
Q

characteristics of veins

A
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • fewer smooth muscles
  • has valves
32
Q

it’s the muscle at the center of your circulation system, pumping blood around your body as your heart beats.

A

heart

33
Q

a single atrium receives blood from the body cells. a ventricle sends blood to the gills to collect oxygen.

A

two-chambered heart

34
Q
  • separate atria allow some separation of oxygenated and
    deoxygenated blood, which was an advantage for land
    organisms (reptiles, amphibians).
  • though blood can mix in the ventricle, mixing is minimal.
    some reptiles have partial separation of the ventricle.
A

three-chambered heart

35
Q

complete separation is necessary to support a fast metabolism found in homeotherms.

A

four-chambered heart

36
Q

the right side of heart

A

collects blood on its return from the body. the blood entering is low on oxygen

37
Q

called the pacemaker of the heart sends out an electrical impulse.

A

sinoatrial node

38
Q

sends an impulse into the ventricles.

A

atrioventricular node

39
Q

how heart contractions work

A

SA node > atria contracts > AV node > ventricles contract or pump

40
Q

provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get
oxygen and other vital substances.

A

systematic circulation

41
Q

where the fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood. At
the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the blood.

A

pulmonary circulation

42
Q

systole and diastole

A

contract and relax

Human Biology (20 decks)

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