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Human Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components of lymphatic system

A
  • lymph: the fluid
  • lymphatics: the vessels
  • spleen and thymus
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2
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  • return fluid to the bloodstream
  • transports fats from digestive tract to the bloodstream
  • surveillance and defense
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3
Q
  • originate as lymph capillaries
  • capillaries unite to form larger vessels
  • resemble veins in structure
  • connect to lymph nodes at various intervals
A

lymphatics

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4
Q

lymphatics ultimately deliver lymph into 2 main channels

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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5
Q
  • drains right side of head & neck, right arm, right thorax
  • empties into the right subclavian vein
A

right lymphatic duct

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6
Q
  • drains the rest of the body
  • empties into the left subclavian vein
A

thoracic duct

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7
Q

who’s in charge with the flow of lymph fluid

A

muscle movement and contraction

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8
Q

the fluid the lymphatic system collects comes from…

A

cells and tissues throughout the body

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9
Q

the lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It produces and releases [ ] (white blood cells) and other immune cells that monitor and then destroy the
foreign invaders

A

lymphocytes

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10
Q

job of the spleen

A
  • fight invading germs in blood
  • controls levels of blood cells
  • filters blood
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11
Q

composition of diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

lymphocytes and macrophages associated with a reticular fiber network

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12
Q

location of diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

lamina propria (middle layer) of the mucus membranes (mucosae) that line the respiratory and gastrointestinal
tracts.

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13
Q
  • no capsule present
  • oval-shaped masses
  • found singly or in clusters
A

lymphatic nodules

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14
Q
  • capsule present
  • lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
A

lymphatic organs

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15
Q

lymph nodules has [ ] that separate them from neighboring cells

A

clear boundaries

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16
Q

lymph cells are also referred as…

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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17
Q

lymphatic nodules contain

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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18
Q

major clusters of nodules

A
  • peyer’s patches: small intestine
  • tonsils: throat
  • appendix: large intestine
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19
Q

nodule vs. node

A
  • nodule is smaller and does not have a well-defined connective-tissue capsule as a boundary.
  • does not function as a filter, because it is not located along a lymphatic vessel.
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20
Q

composition of lymph organs

A

encapsulated organs contain lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic cells surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue.

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21
Q
  • oval structures located along lymphatics
  • enclosed by a fibrous capsule
A

lymph nodes

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22
Q

located at the cortex and produces lymphocytes

A

germinal centers

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23
Q

the inner portion medulla contains [ ]

A

medullary cords

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24
Q

lymph enters nodes through [ ] lymphatics, flows through sinuses, exits through [ ] lymphatic

A

afferent; efferent

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25
Q

multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules located at the mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

A

tonsils

26
Q

posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsils

27
Q

posterior wall of nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsils

28
Q

base of tongue

A

lingual tonsils

29
Q

largest lymphatic organ located between stomach and diaphragm

A

spleen

30
Q

structure of spleen

A
  • capsule present
  • no afferent vessels/sinuses
31
Q

histology of spleen

A
  • red pulp contains components of circulating blood
  • white pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
32
Q

location of thymus gland

A

behind the sternum in the mediastinum

33
Q

how many lobes does thymus gland have

A

the capsule divides it into two lobes

34
Q

infant thymus size

A

inconspicuous

35
Q

thymus size in puberty

A

maximum

36
Q

thymus size in maturity

A

decreases in size

37
Q

function of thymus gland

A

differentiation and maturation of T cells

38
Q

2 types of defenses by lymphatic system

A

non-specific and specific

39
Q

two types of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell-mediated

40
Q

involves B cells that become plasma cells which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens.

A

humoral immunity

41
Q

involves T cells that directly destroy foreign cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

42
Q

the ability to resist infection and disease

A

immunity

43
Q
  • Can involve the epithelium on the body surface (integument) or occur in connective tissue, in the GI system and/or may involve a cellular response
  • Respond immediately to many different harmful agents
  • Do not require a previous exposure to a foreign substance
A

Innate (non-specific) defenses

44
Q
  • Lymphocytes (B, T,): Are major players in the immune response but other cells and participants in the innate system work cooperatively
  • Identifies, attacks, and reinforces immunity to a specific pathogen
A

Adaptive (specific) defenses

45
Q

main purpose of innate immune response

A

to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body.

46
Q

1st line of defense in innate immune response

A

physical barriers: skin and mucosal barriers

47
Q

engulf pathogens and cell debris; release toxic chemicals, and present antigens

A

phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages

48
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells) destroy abnormal cells.

A

immunological surveillance

49
Q
  • Chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections.
  • Antiviral proteins do not kill viruses but block replication in cell
A

interferons

50
Q

complement action of antibodies to destroy pathogens

A

complement

51
Q

triggers a complex inflammatory response limiting the spread of infection

A

inflammation

52
Q

a high body temperature which increases body metabolism, accelerates defenses and accelerates body defenses

A

fever

53
Q

give instructions to other cells by producing signals. each of them only looks out for one type of pathogen. many are needed to watch for many different diseases or invaders.

A

t helper cells

54
Q

they punch holes in the walls of the pathogen cell so that the contents ooze out.

A

cytotoxic (killer) t cells

55
Q

phagocytic cells

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, macrophage

56
Q

these cells are like the spies. they notice if there is an invader and then present evidence of the invader to T cells in the lymph nodes.

A

dendritic cells

57
Q

produce antibodies, which lock onto the antigen of invading bacteria and immobilise them until the macrophage consumes them.

A

b cells

58
Q

when the infection is gone, the immune system needs to be calmed down (or the killer cells may keep killing). the [ ] slow down or turn off the immune system to prevent damage to good cells.

A

suppressor t cells

59
Q

open up vessels & increase blood flow

A

basophils

60
Q

proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells

A

basophil and mast cell

Human Biology (20 decks)

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