Chapter 6 Flashcards
functions of the skeletal system
support of the body
protection of organs
movement due to attached skeletal muscles
storage of fats and minerals
blood cell formation
parts of the skeletal system
bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
the axial skeleton
skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, thoracic cage
some bones of the appendicular skeleton
limbs and girdle
number of bones in adults and infants
206 for adults, 350 for babies
homogeneous type of bone tissue
compact bone
a bone tissue that has small needle-like pieces of bone and has many open spaces
spongy bone
the four types of bone cells maintain [ ] of the bone tissue via [ ]
homeostasis, bone remodeling
stem cells found in bone tissue. specialized bone cells–osteoblasts and osteocytes, originate from here in the bone marrow
osteoprogenitor cells
cuboidal cells arranged in a densely packed layer along the
bone surface. they account for 4-6% of all bone cells, and their main function is to form new bone tissue.
osteoblasts
osteoblasts are specially adapted for this role, with abundant [ ] and a [ ] for plentiful protein production
rough ER and a large golgi apparatus
are essentially osteoblasts that have become surrounded and trapped by the substances they secrete.
osteocyte
each osteocyte is found in a small space called a [ ] that is surrounded by bone tissue.
lacuna
osteocytes account for 90-95% of the cells in bone tissue. Like osteoblasts, they do not [ ] but they have a long lifespan of up to 25 years.
divide
large cells whose main function is to dissolve and reabsorb bone tissue.
osteoclasts
osteoclasts are found on the surface of bone tissue and
originate from [ ] rather than from other bone cells.
white blood cells
most commonly found in flat bones; contains mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells
red bone marrow
most commonly found in diaphysis or shaft of long bones; contains mostly fat cells
yellow bone marrow
if there is an increased demand for red blood cells (e.g. trauma) yellow bone marrow may…
revert back to red bone marrow
classification of bones
short, long, flat, irregular
treatment of bone fractures
reduction and immobilization
three main types of joints
synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable)
are fixed or fibrous joints. they’re defined as two or
more bones in close contact that have no movement. The bones of the skull are an example.
synarthroses
also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are
defined as two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. the vertebrae of the spine are good examples.
amphiarthroses
also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial
fluid enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. these are the most prevalent joints in your body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.
diarthroses
most bones have some combination of bumps, ridges, projections, depressions, cavities, and holes in them that help them carry out their functions. these are where other structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves, or other bones are attached to or articulate with or travel through the bone.
bone markings
means ‘porous bone.’ It is a disease that weakens bones,
and if you have it, you are at a greater risk for sudden and
unexpected bone fractures. often develops without any
symptoms or pain
osteoporosis
osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have
low calcium intake, eating disorders, gastrointestinal surgery
an important contributor to the bone remodeling process
parathyroid hormone
consequence of high PTH level
activate osteoclasts and cause excessive bone breakdown
can cause high levels of PTH
low calcium level or hypocalcemia
any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve. irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers,
carpal tunnel syndrome
maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body, and helps maintain body shape together with
the skeletal system.
muscular system
the human body has more than [ ] individual muscles
600
functions of the muscular system
movement
stability
control of body openings and passageways
heat production
- covers entire skeletal muscles
- separates them from each other
fascia
a thin covering that is just below the fascia of a muscle
and surrounds the entire muscle
epimysium
- a tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective
tissue - connects muscles to bones
tendon
connective tissue that divides a muscle into sections
called fascicles
perimysium
covering of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle cells
endomysium
- a tough, sheet-like structure made of fibrous
connective tissue - attaches muscles to other muscles
aponeurosis
an attachment site for a less movable bone
origin
an attachment site for a more moveable bone
insertion
muscle responsible for most of the movement
prime mover
muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing joints
synergists
produces movement opposite to prime mover. relaxes when prime mover contracts
antagonist (agonist)
movement of muscles
skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles
stability of muscles
stabilize joints and spinal column
- valve-like structures formed by muscles
- control movement of substances in and out of passages
sphincters
[ ] is released with muscle contraction
heat
