Chapter 10.B Flashcards
increase in fluid loss – capillaries to interstitial space, capillaries become more permeable due to histamine and other chemicals
swelling
compression from interstitial fluid;
chemical irritation by kinins, prostaglandins, microbe substances
stimulation of pain receptors
how do phagocytes invade the area of infection or injury?
- inflammatory factors
- vasodilation
- margination
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis
released by mast cells, etc.
inflammatory factors
capillaries become permeable
vasodilation
WBCs slow down & align on the vessel wall
margination
blood cells leave vessels & enter the CT
diapedesis
blood cells follow a chemical gradient (move toward the source ie., bacteria)
chemotaxis
❑ Abnormal elevation of body temperature – at least 1°C from normal (37°C)
❑ May accompany inflammatory response
❑ Due to excess fluid loss so requires increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration
fever
❑ release of pyrogens such as interleukin 1, interferons
❑ toxins from infectious agents, drug reactions toxins, brain tumors
causes of fever
❑ target hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandin E2
❑ raises temperature set point of hypothalamus
pyrogen
some benefits of fever
- promotes interferon activity
- increases activity of adaptive immunity
- accelerate tissue repair
summary on the barriers of innate nonspecific processes
epithelium, secretions, fluid flow
summary on the cells of innate nonspecific processes
phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils), NK cells
summary on the chemical signals of innate nonspecific processes
interferons, complement proteins, inflammatory mediators, pyrogens for fever
All formed elements except [ ] leave the bone marrow and directly enter and circulate in the blood.
T-lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes mature in the [ ] prior to circulating the blood stream
thymus
- the third line of defense against non-self pathogens
- also referred to as acquired immunity or specific immunity and is only found in vertebrates.
adaptive immunity
origin of auto-immune diseases
the adaptive immune response is meant to attack non-self pathogens but can sometimes make errors and attack itself.
adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells called [ ]
lymphocytes
two broad classes of adaptive immune responses
antibody mediated responses
cell-mediated immune responses
they are carried out by different classes of lymphocytes
b cells and t cells
