Chapter 8 Flashcards
- regulates all biological processes in the body all-throughout life
- development of the brain and nervous system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the metabolism
endocrine system
primary endocrine glands
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, islets of langerhans, adrenals, ovaries/testes
regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function,
metabolism, and sexual function.
hormones
- a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems.
- produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
the body’s ‘master gland’ because it controls the
activity of most other hormone-secreting glands.
pituitary gland
- a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell
reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. - aka. somatotropin
- growth and development of muscles, bones, organs
growth hormone
essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulating the release of its hormone.
adrenocorticotropin
essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
- It stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female and the production of sperm in the male.
- it stimulates testicular growth in males and helps produce a protein that plays a vital role in male fertility by aiding in the creation of normal sperm cells and maintaining them
until they are ready to be released.
follicle-stimulating hormone
is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteum in the female ovarian follicles and the
production of testosterone in the male.
luteinizing hormone
stimulates the development and growth of the
mammary glands and milk production during
pregnancy.
prolactin
regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of
melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules.
Hyposecretion of this hormone can result in diabetes insipidus
antidiuretic hormone
stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition. A synthetic version of this hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.
oxytocin
a pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third
ventricle of the brain, secreting a hormone-like
substance in some mammals.
pineal gland
- communicates information about environmental
lighting to various parts of the body. - has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower
production of gastric secretions at night.
melatonin
[ ] suppresses the body’s release of melatonin, a hormone that makes us feel drowsy.
blue light
a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism.
serotonin
it plays a major role in the METABOLISM, growth and development of the human body.
thyroid gland
influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a
homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma
calcitonin
essential to basal metabolic rate (BMR)
thyroxine (T4), triodothyronine (T3)
the rate at which a person’s body burns calories while at rest
basal metabolic rate
cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
hyposecretion of T3 and T4
Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease
hypersecretion of T3 and T4
lie just behind the thyroid glands in the neck
parathyroid gland
increases levels of calcium in the blood.
parathyroid hormone
islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas.
islets of langerhans
there are five types of cells in the islets of Langerhans:
beta cells secrete insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon; PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide; delta cells
secrete somatostatin; and epsilon cells secrete ghrelin.
- occurs when the pancreas in unable to produce enough insulin
- tends to develop at a young age
- cannot be prevented
- needs insulin therapy
type 1 diabetes mellitus
- occurs due to insulin resistance
- tends to develop at an older age
- can be prevented w/ lifestyle changes
type 2 diabetes mellitus
triangular-shaped and located at the top of each kidney
adrenal glands
The inside is called the [ ] and the outside layer is
called the [ ].
medulla, cortex
regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has
an anti-inflammatory effect; helps the body cope during times of stress
cortisol
like cortisol, it is a steroid; influences potassium
and sodium metabolism
corticosterone
essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion.
aldosterone
several hormones including testosterone; they promote
the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male.
androgen
produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in testes
in men and by the ovaries in women), although small quantities are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes.
testosterone
hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
used to treat shock. It dilates the arteries, elevates systolic
blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output.
dopamine
produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone.
ovaries
during pregnancy, the [ ] serves as an endocrine gland.
placenta
the placenta as endocrine gland produces
chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone
- essential for normal growth and development of the male
sex organs. - responsible for the erection of penis
testosterone
- has two lobes, and is part of the lymphatic system.
- it is a ductless gland, and secretes thymosin.
thymus
the mucosa of the pyloric area of the stomach secretes the hormone [ ] which stimulates the production of a gastric acid for digestion
gastrin
