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Health Coach Certification > Chapter 8: The Physiology Of Obesity > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Physiology Of Obesity Flashcards

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1
Q

Having BMI greater than 25 starts to rise at age _ and dec,ones around age _

A

35

75

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2
Q

_ % of the worlds population live in countries where obesity kills mo re people than being under weight

A

65%

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3
Q

_ refers to a body weight that exceeds a predetermined average for height

A

Overweight

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4
Q

Excessive accumulation of body weight

_ % above ideal body weight

A

Obesity

20%

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5
Q

Obesity body fat %

Men

Women

A

Men - over 25%

Women - over 32%

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6
Q

BMI calculation

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height *squared (m)

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7
Q

Lbs to kg

A

Lb/ 2.2

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8
Q

Inches to meters

A

Inches x .0254

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9
Q

BMI

Less 18

A

Underweight

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10
Q

BMI

18-24.9

A

Normal weight

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11
Q

BMI

25 - 29.9

A

Overweight

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12
Q

BMI

30 - 39.9

A

Obese

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13
Q

BMI

40 or higher

A

Morbidly obese

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14
Q

BMI _ fatness in athletes because of their

A

Overestimate

Muscular build

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15
Q

BMI might _ fatness in older persons due to _

A

Underestimate

Loss of muscle

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16
Q

Weighing a person fully submerged in water - difference been persons mass in air and in water

A

Hydrostatic weighing

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17
Q

Body comp measurement that measures the resistance to electric current flow as it passes through the body

A

BIA

Bio electrical impedance

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18
Q

BIA

Impedance is greatest in _

A

Fat tissue

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19
Q

Fat free mass contains _ % water

A

70-75%

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20
Q

Body volume assessment using air

A

Air displacement plethysmography

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21
Q

Body comp assessment that involves use of light absorption and reflection to estimate percent fat and percent fat free mass

Body fat absorbs light

Lean body mass reflects lights

A

NIR

Near infrared interactance

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22
Q

Existing fat cells increase increase in size. Fill with fat

A

Fat cell hypertrophy

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23
Q

Total fat cell number increases

A

Fat cell hyperplasia

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24
Q

The number of fat cells _ in spite of weight gain or loss

A

Remains constant

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25
Q

Obesity that occurs early in life can cause an increase in number of fat cells - which is called (2)

A

Hypercelluar or hyperplastic obesity

26
Q

Enlargement of existing fat cells, but normal fat cell number

*occurs later in life

A

Hypertrophic obesity

27
Q

Hypertrophic obesity associated with _ fat distribution (2)

A

Truncal ( apple shape)

28
Q

After age 20 a _ to _ increase in body weight correlated with _ % greater risk of death from coronary artery disease

A

4% to 10%

50%

29
Q

Android obese store fat

A

In the abdominal region

30
Q

Gynoid obese store fat in the

A

Hips, butt and thighs

31
Q

Abdominal fat increases risk of disease because

A

Fat in abdomen is more easily releases into th bloodstream increasing disease related blood fat levels

32
Q

WHR - indicative of android obesity

Men

Women

A

Men .95 or above

Women .86 or above

33
Q

Women with waist measurement higher than _ develop heart disease twice as frequently as slim women

A

30 inches

34
Q

Waist circumferences display elevated cardiovascular risk profiles

Men

Women

A

Men 40”

Women 35”

35
Q

3 factors of maintaining body weight

A

Metabolic utilization of nutrients

Dietary habits

Physical activity

36
Q

Cognitive drive to consume too many calories, physical defect in appetite regulation or inappropriate response to stress

A

Active overeating

37
Q

Consumption of normal amount of food becomes excessive due to sedentary lifestyle

A

Passive overeating

38
Q

Thermic effect of:

Fat
Protein
Carbs

A

Fat 0 - 2%

Protein 25-30%

Carb 6-8%

39
Q

_ overeating contributes to the obesity epidemic more so than _ overeating

A

Passive

Active

40
Q

3 components of human daily energy expenditure

A

Basal metabolic rate

Thermic effect of food

Thermic effect of physical activity

41
Q

This accounts for 60-75% of daily energy expenditure

Energy required for vital, resting bodily functions

A

Basal metabolic rate

42
Q

reduced energy expenditure increases person’s tendency to _

due to _

A

overeat

fat content in food providing excessive amounts of calories

43
Q

This accounts for 10% of daily energy expenditure

A

thermic effect of food

44
Q

This accounts for 15-30% of daily energy expenditure

A

thermic effect of physical activity

45
Q

NEAT

A

nonexercise activity thermogenesis

46
Q

energy expenditure can vary by as much as _ between individuals

A

2,000 calories / day

47
Q

*LONGTERM CONTROL OF ENERGY INTAKE. functions as satiety signals to decrease food intake when energy levels are met - SECRETED IN RESPONSE TO ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

stimluates _ neuron

A

insulin

POMC - appetite inhibiting neuron

48
Q

appetite-inhibiting neuron

A

POMC proopiomelanocortin

49
Q

appetitie-stimulating neuron

A

Neuropeptide Y NPY

50
Q

_ is a hormone that acts on the hypothalamus in the brain via a negative feedback loop to regulate energy intake
*appetite regulator

A

leptin

51
Q

_ deposits into the adipocyte cause a release of leptin which triggers the hypothalamus to to reduce appetite and the drive to eat

A

triglycerides

52
Q

leptin transport across the blood brain barrier is impaired in _ individuals

A

obese

*leptin resistant

53
Q

weight loss _ leptin levels and weight gain _ circulating levels

A

reduces leptin

increases circulating levels

54
Q

weight loss may activate neuroendocrine mechanisms: 4

A

stimulate hunger
decrease energy expenditure
decrease thyroid levels
slow metabolism

55
Q

_ is a hormone secreted in the small intestine that slows gastric emptying and and send satiey signals to the hypothalamus

*PROVIDES SHORT TERM INFO ABOUT HUNGER

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

56
Q

stimulates hunger, hunger hormone, prepares the body to deal with incoming food

  • short term info about hunger and satiety
  • stimulated frowth hormone release from pituitary gland
A

ghrelin

57
Q

_ hormone released from the colon and rectum

acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite 2-6 hours after a meal

acts on pancreas to increase digestive juices

stimulates gallbladder to release bile

A

peptide YY

58
Q

_ levels are lower in obese individuals than lean individuals

*reduces ghrelin

A

peptide yy

59
Q

genetics influence appetite and metabolism _%

A

25%

60
Q

2 ways genes contribute to obesity:

A

rare mutations (ex lacking the gene that produces leptin)

poygenic obesity - genetic variants that interact with “at-risk” environment

61
Q

RMR is _ in white women than in black women

attributed to _

A

higher

lower organ mass in black women (organ mass is metabolically active)

Health Coach Certification (19 decks)

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