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Biol 235 > Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs and Girdles > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs and Girdles Flashcards

1
Q

Names of lower limb girdle

A

Pelvic girdle

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2
Q

What are the names of the two hip bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

A

coxal, pelvic bones or os coxa

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3
Q

What do the pelvic bones of the pelvic girdle attach posteriorly to?

A

The sacrum

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4
Q

What joint is formed by the articulation of the pelvic bones and the sacrum?

A

the sacroiliac joints

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5
Q

What is the name of the complete ring like structure composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum and coccyx

A

the bony pelvis

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the bony pelvis?

A
  1. Support for the vertebral column, pelvic and lower abdominal organs
  2. Connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
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7
Q

What are the three bones that create the hip bone? (they fuse by age 23)

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ishium
  3. Pubius
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8
Q

What are the two components of the superior and quite large ilium?

A

Ala - superior portion
Body - inferior portion

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9
Q

Name for the superior border of the ilium

A

Iliac crest

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10
Q

Name of the area of the ilium that articulates with the sacrum

A

The auricular surface

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11
Q

This is the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone

A

The ishium

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12
Q

Two main parts of the ishium

A

The body and the ramus

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13
Q

THis portion of the ishium is inferior to the body and connects with the pubis

A

The ramus

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14
Q

What is the largest foramen in the body and is formed by the ishium ramus and the pubis

A

The obturator foramen

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15
Q

This is the third component of the hip bone; it lies anterior and inferior to the ilium

A

The pubis

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16
Q

Three components of the pubis

A

Two rami - inferior and superior ramus

a body

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17
Q

This raised line extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with the acruate line of the ilium

A

pectineal line

PECTINEAL LINE

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18
Q

What line on the pubis runs into the acruate line of the islium and helps with differenting true and false pelvis

A

the pectineal line

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19
Q

What is the name of the joint between the pubis bone of the left and the pubis bone of the right hips

A

pubis symphysis

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20
Q

What do the inferior rami of the two pubic bones converge to form?

A

the pubic arch

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21
Q

This is a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ishium and pubis; it is a socket for the head of the femur

A

THe acetabulum

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22
Q

What joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the femur into the socket called the acetabulum?

A

the hip or coxal joint

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23
Q

What boundary divides the pelvis into superior and inferior portions?

A

The pelvic brim

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24
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pelvic brim

A

an oblique plane from the sacrum to the pubis symphysis

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25
Q

This portion of the bony pelvis is superior to the pelvic brim

A

The false pelvis (greater pelvis)

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26
Q

What are the boundaries of the false (greater) pelvis

A

Posterior - lumbar vertbrae
Anterior - abdominal wall
Laterally - tops of hip bones

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27
Q

What is contained in the false pelvis

A

Superior portion of bladder when full, lower intestines; uterus ovaries and fallopian tubes in females

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28
Q

What is the portion of the pelvis BELOW the pelvic brim

A

The true (lesser) pelvis

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29
Q

What are the 3 components of the true/lesser pelvis

A

An inlet
An outlet
A cavity

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the true or lesser pelvis

A

Posteriorly - the sacrum and coccyx
Anteriorly - the pubic bones
Laterally - inferior portions of the ilium and ishium

Contains the rectum and bladder, vagina and cervix in females, prostate in males

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31
Q

What is the superior opening of the true pelvis called

A

pelvic inlet

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32
Q

what is the inferior opening of the true pelvis called; it is covered in pelvic floor muscles

A

pelvic outlet

33
Q

WHat is the pelvic axis?

A

the curved imaginary line from the central point of the inlet to the central point of the outlet. it is the path a baby takes to be born

34
Q

How is the female pelvis different from the male pelvis?

A
  • more space in the true pelvis since it is wider and shorter
35
Q

What are the four locations of the lower limbs? How many of the 30 bones of the lower limb are in each?

A
  1. The thigh (femur) (1)
  2. The kneecap (patella) (1)
  3. The leg (tibia and fibia) (2)
  4. The foot (26)
36
Q

What are the 3 types of bones in foot and how many of each are there?

A
  1. Tarsals (7) in the tarsus
  2. Metatarsals (5) in the metatarsus
  3. Phlanges 14 in the digits
37
Q

What are the two projections from the neck and shaft bone junction of the femur that serve as points of attachment for the tendons and some of the thigh and buttock muscles

A

Greater and lesser trochanters

38
Q

This tochanter is seena nd felt anterior to the hollow on the side of the hip; used often for landmarking

A

Greater trochanter

39
Q

This trochanter is inferior and medial to the greater trochanter

A

the lesser trochanter

40
Q

The line in between the anterior surfaces of the greater and lesser trochanters

A

narrow intertrochanteric line

41
Q

The ridge between the posterior surfaces of the trochanters

A

intertrochanteric crest

42
Q

A vertical ridge that blends iwth the gluteal tuberosity and serves as an attachment point for the tendons of several thigh muscles

A

linea aspera

43
Q

What distal bone features of the femur articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia?

A

The lateral and medial condyles of the distal femur

44
Q

What are found superior to the medial and lateral condyles?

A

the medial and lateral epicondyles

45
Q

What is the function of the lateral and medial epicondyles?

A

they are attachment points for knee ligaments to attach to

46
Q

What is the posterior surface between the lateral and medial condyles of the distal femur called?

A

Intercondylar fossa

47
Q

What is found on the anterior surface between the lateral and medial condyles?

A

The patellar surfaces

48
Q

This bone is a small, triangular bone located anterior the knee joint; it is a sesamoid bone

49
Q

Two areas of the patella

A

Broad proximal end - base
pointed distal end - apexF

50
Q

Function of the patella

A

increases the leverage opf the tendion of the quad muscle, maintains positon of the tendon when knee is bent and protects knee joint

51
Q

What are the two bones of teh lower leg

A

The tibia and fibula

52
Q

This bone is the larger, medial and weight bearing bone of the leg

53
Q

What does the proximal end of the tibia expand into?

A

the lateral and medial condyles

54
Q

What joints are formed by the articualtion of the lateral and medial condyles of the femur with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia?

A

tibiofemoral joints (knee)

55
Q

What does the inferior surface of the lateral condyle on the tibia articulate with?

A

The head of the fibula

56
Q

Where is the intercondylar eminence on the tibia?

A

between the condules

57
Q

Where is the medial malleolus found on the tibia?

A

The medial surface of the distal end of the tibia

58
Q

What does the medial malleolous of the tibia articulate to distally?

This is the bone felt on the medial surface of the ankle

A

The talus of the ankle

59
Q

Where does the distal end of the fibula articulate on the disstal tibula?

A

The fibular notchW

60
Q

What joint is formed by the articulation of the distal lateral tibia at the fibular notch, with the distal end of the fibula?

A

Distal tibiofibular joint

61
Q

This bone is smaller than the tibia, laterally postioned, does not articulate with the femur, but does help stabilize the ankle joint

A

The fibula

62
Q

What does the proximal end of the fibula articulate with?

A

The head of the fibula articulates with the inferrior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia to form the proximal tibiofibular joint

63
Q

Where is the lateral malleolus on the fibula and its landmark?

A

This is a prominance on the lateral, distal end of the fibula that is the projection felt on the lateral ankle. It articulates with the talus of the ankle

64
Q

The foot can be broken down into 3 distinct regions

A
  1. The Tarsus - 7 tarsals
  2. The metatarsus - 5 metatarsals
  3. The digits - 14 phlanges
65
Q

What are the 2 posterior tarsals in the foot?

A
  1. Calcaneus (heel)
  2. Tallus (ankle)
66
Q

What are the 5 remaining tarsals anterior to the others?

A
  1. navicular
    2-4. 3 cuneiform bones (lateral (3rd), intermediate (2nd), and medial (1st)) cuneiforms
  2. cuboid bone
67
Q

What does the proximal end of the talus articulate with?

A

The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula

68
Q

What joint is formed by the articulation of the tibia, fibula and talus?

A

The talocrural joint (ankle)

69
Q

How much weight is distributed to the calcaneous bone when walking (from the talus) and how much to the remaining tarsals?

A

roughly half of the weight

70
Q

What do the proximal ends (bases) of the metatarsal bones articulate with?

A

The 3 cubeiform bones and the cuboid bone

71
Q

What joint is formed between the 5 metatarsals and the 3 cubeiform and cuboid bone?

A

Tarsometatarsal joint

72
Q

WHat are the two arches of the foot?

A

Longitundial Arch

Transverse Arch

73
Q

This is an arch from the anterior to posterior of the foot; there are two parts to it

A

The longitudinal arch

74
Q

This part of the longitudinal arch originates at the calcaneus, rises to the talus and descends through the navicular, 3 cuneiforms and the heads of the three medial metatarsals

A

the medial part of the longitudinal arch

75
Q

The two parts of the longitudinal arch

A
  • the medial part
  • the lateral part
76
Q

This part of the longitudinal arch also begins at the calcaneus, but rises at teh cuboid and descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals

A

the lateral part of the longitudinal arch

77
Q

This foot arch is located between the medial and alteral foot and is formed by the navicular, three cuneiforms and the bases of the five metatarsals

A

The transverse arch

Biol 235 (21 decks)

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