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Biol 235 > Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues

1
Q

A group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts and also forms glands

Allows the body to interact with both internal and external environment

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects and supports the body and its organs

Various types of tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease causing organisms

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4
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of forces

In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body

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5
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions insides and outside of the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

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6
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells; 5 types

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7
Q

The five types of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. adherens junctions
  3. desmosomes
  4. hemidesmosomes
  5. Gap junctions
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8
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • fuse togeher the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
  • web like strands of transmembrane proteins

eg. stomach or bladder cells are adhered with tight junctions to prevent leakage of contents into other tissues

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9
Q

Adherens junctions

A
  • contain plaque - a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to the membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
  • it forms an adhesion belt
  • transmembrane glycoproteins join the cells
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10
Q

What are the transmembrane glycoproteins that join the cells in an adheren junction; they link together on the outside of the cell membranes o-o-o-o-o

A

Cadherins

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11
Q

Adhesion belts

A

formed by adherens junctions in epithelial cells and encircle the cell.

help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities

eg. digestive tract contractions

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12
Q

Desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherens) that extend into the intracellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another

however, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments, but rather intermediate filaments inside the cell

Found in skin and heart tissue cells

spot weld junctions

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13
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Look like desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells; instead anchor cells to the basement membrane

transmembrane proteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins

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14
Q

When do integrins attach to in hemidesmosomes?

A

Intermediate filaments on the inside of the plasma membrane made of protein keratin

On the outside of the cell, they adhere to the protein laminin on the basement membrane

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15
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Connect neighboring cells via membrane proteins called connexions that make connexons (tiny fluid filled tunnels)

Intercellular gap between them, not completely connected

Allows passage of ions, nutrients and wastes between avascular tissues cells like lens and cornea of the eye

Allows communications

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16
Q

Epithelial Tissue (vs)

Many cells tightly packed with little or no extracellular matrix

No blood vessels

Usually forms surface layers and isn’t covered by another tissues (one expection is the blood vessel since blood is a tissue)

A

Connective Tissue

Large amount of extravellular material that separates cells that are usually widely scattered

Most have significant networks of blood vessels

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17
Q

Why is epithelial tissue always found adjacent to connective tissue?

A

Because it lacks blood vessels and forms surfaces and the blood vessel rich connective tissues enables it to make exchanges with blood

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18
Q

Describe epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A

cells arranged in a continuous sheet in either single or multiple layers

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19
Q

Two general patterns of epithelial cells in the body

A
  1. covering and lining various surfaces
  2. forming the secreting portion of glands
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20
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A
  • protects, secretes, absorbs and excretes
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21
Q

Apical Surface

A

(aka free surface) outermost / most superficial layer

faces the body surface, cavity, the lumen of an internal organ or tubular duct

may contain cilia or microvilli

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22
Q

Lateral epithelial cell surfaces

A

Face adjacent cells on either side

may contain cell junctions (not hemidesmosome)

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23
Q

Basal surface of epithelial cells

A

Opposite the apical surface - the deepest layer

Adhere to extracellular materials like the basement membrane

Contain hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

Basement membrane

A

thin extracellular layer that consists of two layers

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25
Q

two layers of basement membrane

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina
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26
Q

Basal lamina

A

the layer of the basement membrane that is closest to, and secreted by, the epithelial cells

Contains laminin protein that adheres to the integrin in the hemidesmosome of the basal layer of the epithelial tissues

27
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Closer to underlying connective tissues

Contains proteins like collogen that is produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts

28
Q

Which tissue is avascular but has its own nerve supply?

A

epithelial tissue

29
Q

What process allows the exchange of substances between teh epithelial tissue and the connective tissue

A

diffusion

30
Q

Most important roles of epithelial tissues in the body

A
  • protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion
    -also combine with nervous tissue to create sensory organs
31
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium (surface epithelium)
  2. Glandular epithelium
32
Q

Surface epithelium location/function

A

outer covering of the skin and some internal organs

inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities

interior lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

33
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

makes up the secreting portion of glands such as thyroid, adrenal, sweat and digestive glands

34
Q

Two characteristics used to classify cover and lining (surface) epithelium

A
  1. Arrangement of cells in layers
  2. Shape of the cells
35
Q

3 Types of Classifications for tissue based on arrangement of cells in layers

A
  1. Simple epithelium
  2. Pseudostratified epithelium
  3. Stratisfied epithelium
36
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption

37
Q

Pseudostratisfied Epithelium

A

Appears to have mulitple layers because cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface

It is a simple epithelium - it is a single layer of cells that rest on the basement membrane

Cells that do not reach apical usually contain cilia or secrete mucous (goblet cells)

38
Q

Stratisfied Epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear (eg skin)

39
Q

4 cell shape classifications for epithelial tissues

A
  1. Squamous cells (flat)
  2. Cuboidal cells (cubes or hexagons)
  3. Columnar Cells
  4. Transitional Cells
40
Q

Describe squamous cells

A

Flat thin cells that allow rapid passage of substances through them

41
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

cubes or hexagon shape

may have microvilli

secrete or absorb

42
Q

Columnar Cells

A

Column structure

Protect underlying tissues

Apical surface may have cilia or microvilli

Often specialized for secretion and absorption

43
Q

Transitional Cells

A

change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back

seen in stretch organs like stomach and bladder

44
Q

I. Simple epithelium
a. simple squamous epithelium
- endothelium
-mesothelium
b. simple cuboidal epithelium
c. simple columnar epithelium
- nonciliated
-ciliated
d. Pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
- nonciliated
-ciliated

A

II. Stratified epithelium
a. stratified squamous epithelium **
- nonkeratinized
- keratinized
b. stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. stratified columnar epithelium
d. Transitional epithelium or urothelium

45
Q

The function of glandular epithelium?

A

secretion

46
Q

This structure consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts

Endocrine or exocrine

A

Glands

47
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones

interstitial fluid -> diffuse into blood stream

No duct

Systemic effects

48
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface of a covering and lining epithelium

Local effects only

Sweat, mucous, etc

49
Q

Structural classifications of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular or multicellular

50
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Single celled glands

eg goblet cells

51
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

most exocrine glands are multicellular

many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ

Sweat (sudoriferous), oil (sebasceous), and salivary glands

52
Q

2 criteria for classifications of multicellular glands

A
  1. Branched or unbranched ducts
  2. the shape of the secretory portions of the gland
53
Q

An exocrine gland that does not branch

A

Simple gland

54
Q

An exocrine gland that branches

A

compound gland

55
Q

Glands with tubular secretory parts

A

Tubular glands

56
Q

Glands with rounded secretory parts (berry; alveolar)

A

Acinar Gland

57
Q

Glands that have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts

A

Tubuloacinar Glands

58
Q

Structure Classification Scheme for Multicellular Exocrine Glands
I. Simple:
1. Simple Tubular
2. Simple branched tubular
3. Simple coiled tubular
4. Simple Acinar
5. Simple branched Acinar

A

II. Compound
1. Compound Tubular
2. Compoud acinar
3. Compound tubuloacinar

59
Q

Function Classifications of exocrine Glands

A

Merocrine GLands

Apocrine Glands

Holocrine

60
Q

Merocrine Glands

A
  • released from the cell in secretory vessciles via exocystosis (eg. sailvary glands)
61
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of secreting cell, then that portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the substance by exocytosis (mammary glands)

62
Q

Holocrine Glands

A

Collect secretion in cytosol and then as the cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretions (sebasceous gland)

Secretion contains a large amount of lipids from the cells membranes

63
Q
A

Biol 235 (10 decks)

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