Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 235 > Chapter 3.4 The Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Chapter 3.4 The Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

This consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two components of cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. Organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Intracellular fluid
  • accounts for about 55% of cell volume
  • the site of many chemical reactions
A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytosol

A

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three types of filaments that contribute to the cytoskeleton and some organelles structures

A
  1. Microfilament
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two general functions of the microfilaments

A
  1. Help generate movement
  2. Provide mechanical support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do microfilaments also provide support for?

A

Cell extensions called Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area and very abundant on absortive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe 3 functions of intermediate filaments

A

Found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress
Help stabilize organelles
Help attach cells to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe microtubules

A

Largest

Long, unbranched hollow tubes made mostly of tubulin protein

Start in the centrosome

Determine cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Microtubule organizing centre, located near nucleus; this replicates during cell division so that succeeding generations of cells have the capacity for cell division

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organelle consists of a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix?

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Two cylindrical structures formed by 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in a circular pattern. Long axis of one is at the right angle to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This contains hundreds of ring shaped complexes composed of tubulin

A

pericentriolar matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Motile projections of the cell surface

A

Cilia and flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

20 microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Moves fluid along a cells surface

attached to basal body below surface of plasma membrane

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Moves the entire cell

A

Flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Similar in structure to cilia, but longer

Move the entire cell

Generates forward motion along its axis by wiggling in a wavelike pattern

A

Flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do ribosomes in the mitochondria do?

A

Synthesize mitochondrial proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules that extends from the nuclear envelope and projects through the cytoplasm?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two types of ER - endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The ER is continuous with the nuclear membrane

Folded into a series of flattened sacs

OUter surface is studded with ribosomes

Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted through exocytosis

A

Rought endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules

No ribosomes

Contains unique enzymes that make it more diverse

Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids like estrogen and progesterone

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Golgi complex

A

consists of 3-20 cisterns (small flattened membnranous stacs with buldging edges)

More extensive in cells that produce proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the structure of the golgi complex

A

Entry (convex) face (CIS)= faces ER

Exit (concave) face (trans) = faces the plasma membrane

Medial cisterns in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

GC Secretory Vesicle

A

Delivers protein to membrane for exocytosis from cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GC Membrane vesicle

A

Delivers protein to plasma membrane for local use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

GC transport vesicle

A

Carry proteins to other areas of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the golgi complex; contain powerful hydrolytic and digestive enzymes that can break down molecules

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

These enzymes help recycle worn out cell structures

A

lysosomal enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Process by which entire worn out oganelles are digested

A

autophagy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vesicle created from an ER membrane that encloses old organelles and then attaches to a lysosome

A

autophagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When a lysosome destroys the entire cell that contains it

A

Autolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Similar in structure to a lysosome but smaller

Contains oxidase enzyme

A

Peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Peroxisomes are also called

A

Microbodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This enzyme oxidizes (removes hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances

41
Q

Tiny barrel shaped structures consisting of of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core that continuously destructs uneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

A

Proteasomes

42
Q

Enzyme in a proteasome that cuts proteins into small peptides

43
Q

Power houses of the cell

Generate most of the ATP through aerobic respiration for the cell

May be hundreds to thousands in a cell

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Components of a mitochondrion

A
  • external mitochondrial membrane
  • internal mitochondrial membrane
  • fluid filled space between them
45
Q

Folds contained in internal mitochondrial membrane

A

Mitochondrial cristae

46
Q

Central, fluid filled cavity of a mitochondrion , enclosed by the internal mitochondrial membrane

A

mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

What do the cristae provide for the mitochondrion?

A

Large surface area for chemical reactions

48
Q

The orderly, genetically programed death of a cell

The mitochondria plays a role in this

49
Q

What are some factors that will cause the mitochondria to to release chemicals though a pore in the external membrane that will

A

large number of free radicals, lack of O2 or nutrients, growth factor deprivation

50
Q

A spherical or oval shaped structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell

51
Q

A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

52
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

both layers are lipid bilayers similar to the plasma membrane

53
Q

What struture is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope continuous with and similar to in structure?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

Openings that extend through the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Pores

55
Q

Describe the nuclear pore anatomy

A

Consists of a circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening that is about 10 times wider than a channel protein pore

56
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

Control the movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

57
Q

Spherical body that is a cluster of protein, DNA and RNA, not enclosed by a membrane, located int he nucleus

A

Nucleoli (Nucleolus)

58
Q

Function of nucleoli

A

Sunthesis rRNA and assemby of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits

59
Q

These control cellular structure and direct cellular activities

60
Q

How many chromosomes?

A

46, 23 from each parent

61
Q

A long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins

A

Chromosome

62
Q

The complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA

63
Q

The total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

64
Q

How does chromatin appear in cells not dividing

A

A diffuse, granular mass

65
Q

What are the beads on the chromatin bead on a string structure?

What is the string?

A

Nucleosome is the beads

Linker DNA is the string

66
Q

This consists of a double stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins

A

nucleosomes

67
Q

What is the core of 8 proteins in the nucleosome called and what is their purpose?

A

histones

Organize the coiling and folding of DNA

68
Q

What is the purpose of the linker DNA on that chromatin string

A

hold adjacent nucleosomes (beads) together

69
Q

Histone in non dividing cells that promotes the coiling of nucleosomes into a larger-diameter

A

Chromatin fiber

70
Q

When cells prepare to divide and the DNA replicates and the loops condense further - what is the pair that is formed?

A

a pair of chromatids

71
Q

What does a pair of chromatids constitute?

A

A chromosome

72
Q

All of an organisms protein

73
Q

process where a genes dna is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

A

gene expression

74
Q

first process: Transcription

A

where information in a specific region of DNA is transcribed or copied to produce a specific molecule of RNA

75
Q

Second process: translation

A

the RNA attaches to a ribosome where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule

76
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that store genetic information

A

Base triplet

77
Q

The complimentary sequence of three nucleotides transcirbed from the DNA base set

78
Q

The set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and teh amino acids they specify

A

genetic code

79
Q

What three types of RNA are made from the DNA template?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. tRNA
80
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA
directs the synthesis of protein

81
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

82
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

binds to an amino acids and holds in in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation

83
Q

What does each end of tRNA have?

A

One has specific amino acid

Other end has anticodon

84
Q

What makes a tRNA anticodon?

A

a triplet of nucleotides

85
Q

Where does the anticodon attach to on the mRNA codon?

A

it pairs to complimentary bases

more than 20 type of tRNA can only bind to one of the 20 different amino acids

86
Q

What enzyme catalyzes transcription of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

87
Q

What instructs RNA polymerase on where to start the transcription of DNA

A

A promoter near the beginning is where the RNA polymerase attaches

88
Q

what special nucleotide sequence instructs RNA polymerase on where to end the transcription of DNA

A

A terminator

89
Q

Regions within a gene that DO NO code for parts of proteins

90
Q

The regions within a gene that DO code for parts of proteins

91
Q

The process by which the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

translation

92
Q

What structure in the cytoplasm carries out translation?

93
Q

initiator tRNA

A

special tRNA that binds to the start codon on mRNA and is where translation begins

94
Q

Start codon on mRNA; also the codon for methionine

95
Q

The anticodon that attaches to the mRNA codon (AUG) by pairing complementary bases

96
Q

What is the first amino acid always in a polypeptide

A

methionine (AUG)

97
Q

What at the complementary pairs of RNA for the following DNA

A
T
G
C

A

A — U
T—– A
G —– C
C——-G

98
Q

When several ribosomes are attached the the same mRNA

A

Polyribosome

Biol 235 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions