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Biol 235 > Chapter 3.4 The Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Chapter 3.4 The Cytoplasm Flashcards

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1
Q

This consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Two components of cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. Organelles
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3
Q
  • Intracellular fluid
  • accounts for about 55% of cell volume
  • the site of many chemical reactions
A

Cytosol

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4
Q

A network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytosol

A

Cytoskeleton

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5
Q

Three types of filaments that contribute to the cytoskeleton and some organelles structures

A
  1. Microfilament
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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6
Q

The thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament

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7
Q

Two general functions of the microfilaments

A
  1. Help generate movement
  2. Provide mechanical support
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8
Q

What do microfilaments also provide support for?

A

Cell extensions called Microvilli

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9
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area and very abundant on absortive cells

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10
Q

Describe 3 functions of intermediate filaments

A

Found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress
Help stabilize organelles
Help attach cells to other cells

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11
Q

Describe microtubules

A

Largest

Long, unbranched hollow tubes made mostly of tubulin protein

Start in the centrosome

Determine cell shape

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12
Q

Specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction

A

Organelles

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13
Q

Microtubule organizing centre, located near nucleus; this replicates during cell division so that succeeding generations of cells have the capacity for cell division

A

Centrosome

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14
Q

What organelle consists of a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix?

A

Centrosome

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15
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Two cylindrical structures formed by 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in a circular pattern. Long axis of one is at the right angle to the other

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16
Q

This contains hundreds of ring shaped complexes composed of tubulin

A

pericentriolar matrix

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17
Q

Motile projections of the cell surface

A

Cilia and flagella

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18
Q

numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

20 microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane

A

Cilia

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19
Q

Moves fluid along a cells surface

attached to basal body below surface of plasma membrane

A

Cilia

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20
Q

Moves the entire cell

A

Flagellum

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21
Q

Similar in structure to cilia, but longer

Move the entire cell

Generates forward motion along its axis by wiggling in a wavelike pattern

A

Flagellum

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22
Q

Organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

What do ribosomes in the mitochondria do?

A

Synthesize mitochondrial proteins

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24
Q

What is a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules that extends from the nuclear envelope and projects through the cytoplasm?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25
Two types of ER - endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
26
The ER is continuous with the nuclear membrane Folded into a series of flattened sacs OUter surface is studded with ribosomes Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted through exocytosis
Rought endoplasmic reticulum
27
Extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules No ribosomes Contains unique enzymes that make it more diverse Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids like estrogen and progesterone
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
28
Golgi complex
consists of 3-20 cisterns (small flattened membnranous stacs with buldging edges) More extensive in cells that produce proteins
29
What is the structure of the golgi complex
Entry (convex) face (CIS)= faces ER Exit (concave) face (trans) = faces the plasma membrane Medial cisterns in between
30
GC Secretory Vesicle
Delivers protein to membrane for exocytosis from cell
31
GC Membrane vesicle
Delivers protein to plasma membrane for local use
32
GC transport vesicle
Carry proteins to other areas of the cell
33
Membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the golgi complex; contain powerful hydrolytic and digestive enzymes that can break down molecules
Lysosomes
34
These enzymes help recycle worn out cell structures
lysosomal enzymes
35
Process by which entire worn out oganelles are digested
autophagy
36
Vesicle created from an ER membrane that encloses old organelles and then attaches to a lysosome
autophagosome
37
When a lysosome destroys the entire cell that contains it
Autolysis
38
Similar in structure to a lysosome but smaller Contains oxidase enzyme
Peroxisomes
39
Peroxisomes are also called
Microbodies
40
This enzyme oxidizes (removes hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances
Oxidase
41
Tiny barrel shaped structures consisting of of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core that continuously destructs uneeded, damaged or faulty proteins
Proteasomes
42
Enzyme in a proteasome that cuts proteins into small peptides
Protease
43
Power houses of the cell Generate most of the ATP through aerobic respiration for the cell May be hundreds to thousands in a cell
Mitochondria
44
Components of a mitochondrion
- external mitochondrial membrane - internal mitochondrial membrane - fluid filled space between them
45
Folds contained in internal mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial cristae
46
Central, fluid filled cavity of a mitochondrion , enclosed by the internal mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial matrix
47
What do the cristae provide for the mitochondrion?
Large surface area for chemical reactions
48
The orderly, genetically programed death of a cell The mitochondria plays a role in this
Apoptosis
49
What are some factors that will cause the mitochondria to to release chemicals though a pore in the external membrane that will
large number of free radicals, lack of O2 or nutrients, growth factor deprivation
50
A spherical or oval shaped structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell
Nucleus
51
A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
52
What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?
both layers are lipid bilayers similar to the plasma membrane
53
What struture is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope continuous with and similar to in structure?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum
54
Openings that extend through the nuclear envelope
Nuclear Pores
55
Describe the nuclear pore anatomy
Consists of a circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening that is about 10 times wider than a channel protein pore
56
Nuclear pore function
Control the movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
57
Spherical body that is a cluster of protein, DNA and RNA, not enclosed by a membrane, located int he nucleus
Nucleoli (Nucleolus)
58
Function of nucleoli
Sunthesis rRNA and assemby of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits
59
These control cellular structure and direct cellular activities
genes
60
How many chromosomes?
46, 23 from each parent
61
A long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins
Chromosome
62
The complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA
chromatin
63
The total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism
Genome
64
How does chromatin appear in cells not dividing
A diffuse, granular mass
65
What are the beads on the chromatin bead on a string structure? What is the string?
Nucleosome is the beads Linker DNA is the string
66
This consists of a double stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins
nucleosomes
67
What is the core of 8 proteins in the nucleosome called and what is their purpose?
histones Organize the coiling and folding of DNA
68
What is the purpose of the linker DNA on that chromatin string
hold adjacent nucleosomes (beads) together
69
Histone in non dividing cells that promotes the coiling of nucleosomes into a larger-diameter
Chromatin fiber
70
When cells prepare to divide and the DNA replicates and the loops condense further - what is the pair that is formed?
a pair of chromatids
71
What does a pair of chromatids constitute?
A chromosome
72
All of an organisms protein
proteome
73
process where a genes dna is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein
gene expression
74
first process: Transcription
where information in a specific region of DNA is transcribed or copied to produce a specific molecule of RNA
75
Second process: translation
the RNA attaches to a ribosome where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule
76
A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that store genetic information
Base triplet
77
The complimentary sequence of three nucleotides transcirbed from the DNA base set
Codon
78
The set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and teh amino acids they specify
genetic code
79
What three types of RNA are made from the DNA template?
1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. tRNA
80
mRNA
Messenger RNA directs the synthesis of protein
81
rRNA
ribosomal RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
82
tRNA
Transfer RNA binds to an amino acids and holds in in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation
83
What does each end of tRNA have?
One has specific amino acid Other end has anticodon
84
What makes a tRNA anticodon?
a triplet of nucleotides
85
Where does the anticodon attach to on the mRNA codon?
it pairs to complimentary bases more than 20 type of tRNA can only bind to one of the 20 different amino acids
86
What enzyme catalyzes transcription of DNA?
RNA polymerase
87
What instructs RNA polymerase on where to start the transcription of DNA
A promoter near the beginning is where the RNA polymerase attaches
88
what special nucleotide sequence instructs RNA polymerase on where to end the transcription of DNA
A terminator
89
Regions within a gene that DO NO code for parts of proteins
introns
90
The regions within a gene that DO code for parts of proteins
exons
91
The process by which the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
translation
92
What structure in the cytoplasm carries out translation?
ribosomes
93
initiator tRNA
special tRNA that binds to the start codon on mRNA and is where translation begins
94
Start codon on mRNA; also the codon for methionine
AUG
95
The anticodon that attaches to the mRNA codon (AUG) by pairing complementary bases
UAC
96
What is the first amino acid always in a polypeptide
methionine (AUG)
97
What at the complementary pairs of RNA for the following DNA A T G C
A --- U T----- A G ----- C C-------G
98
When several ribosomes are attached the the same mRNA
Polyribosome
99

Biol 235 (22 decks)

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