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Biol 235 > Chapter 5: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. maintain a constant body temperature
  2. protects the body
  3. provides sensory information about the environment
  4. Stores Blood
  5. Excretes and absorbs
  6. Synthesizes vitamin D
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2
Q

This system is composed of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors

A

The integumentary system

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3
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane commonly known as?

Covers approx 2 swuare meteres and weight apprx 10-11 lbs (7% of body weight)

A

Skin

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4
Q

The superficial, thinner portion, composed of epithelial tissue - keratinized stratified squamous cells

Avascular

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

The deeper, thicker connective tissue portion

Vascular

A

The Dermis

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6
Q

Layer deeper to the dermis,but not part of the skin. AKA hypodermis

Areolar and adipose tissue

Storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

A

Subcutaneous Layer

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7
Q

Nerve endings contained in the Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) and sometimes the dermis, that are sensitive to pressure, are called:

A

Lamellated corpuscles

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8
Q

Lamellated corpuscles are

A

Nerve endings in the hypodermis and sometimes the dermis that are sentsitve to pressure

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9
Q

This layer of the integumentary system is composed of keratinized stratified squamous cells

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

What are the 4 principle types of cells in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Macrophages (langerhan cells)
  4. Tactile epithelialc cells (merkel cells)
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11
Q

Which type of cell makes up approximately 90% of the epidermal cells?

These cells are also arranged in four or five layers and produce the protein keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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12
Q

This protein is a tough, fibrous substance that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals

A

Keratin

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13
Q

What do keritanocytes produce that realease a water repellent sealant taht decreases water entry and loss and inhibits entry of foreign materials

A

Lamellar granules

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14
Q

This is a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light

A

Melanin

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15
Q

These cells produce melanin and make up about 8% of epidermal cells

They have long slender projections that exxtend between the keratinocytes and transfer melanin granules to them

Are susceptible to damage from uv light

A

melanocytes

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16
Q

What do melanin granules do in the keratinocytes?

A

Cluster over the skin side of the nucleus to sheild it from damage from uv light

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17
Q

These cells arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

The help with immune responses against microbes on the skin and they are easily damaged by uv light

A

Intraepidermal macrophages (langerhans cells)

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18
Q

These cells are the epidermis tactile epithelial cells

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron (merkel or tactile disc)

Detect touch sensations

A

Merkel Cells and merkle discs

or tactile cells and tactile discs

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19
Q

The 4 strata (layers) of the epidermis that makes up “thin skin”

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Statum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Thin Stratum corneum
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20
Q

The 5 strata (layers) of the epidermis for thicker skin (heels, palsm, soles, fingertips)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum laucidum
  5. Thick stratum corneum
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21
Q

What layer does 5 strata thick skin have that 4 layer thin skin does not?

A

Stratum lucidum

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22
Q

What Strata is thicker in 5 layer than 4 layer skin?

A

Strata Corneum

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23
Q

This is the deepest layer of the epidermis

Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Contains stem cells that divide to continually produce new keratinocytes

A

Stratum Basale

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24
Q

Describe the keratinocytes of the basale layer
- nuclei
- mitochondria
- Rough ER
- cytoplasm re: ribosomes

A
  • single large nuclei
  • a few mitochondria
  • cytoplasm has many ribosomes
  • the golgi complex is small
    -some rought Er
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25
Q

This strata of the epidermis is superficial to the basale stratum

Mainly consists of keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers

The same organelles of the basale layer, cells are just a little flatter

A

Stratum Spinosum

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26
Q

What do keratinocytes produce in the stratum spinosum layer?

A

Coarser bundles of keratin in intermediate filaments compared to the basale layer

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27
Q

Why is this layer called spinosum?

A

The keratinocytes join together in certain places with desmosomes which makes the appearance of them being covered with thornlike spines

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28
Q

This layer is at about the middle area of the epidermis

Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis

Nuclei and organelles of these cells begin to degenerate as they move farther from connective tissue source of life

DEsmosomes and intermediate filaments become more prominent as cells shrink and shrivel

A

Stratum granulosum

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29
Q

These darkly staining granules of protein are a distinct feathure of cells in the stratum granulosum and they assemble keratin intermediate filamints into keratine

A

Keratohyalin

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30
Q

These granules are present in the keratinocytes in the granulosum layer and they bind the cell membrane and produce a lipid rich secretion to water proof

A

lamellar granules

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31
Q

The secretions of lamellar granules are deposited into the spaces between cells in which 3 layers of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum granulosum, stratum lucidium, and stratum corneum
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32
Q

This strata is the transistion space between the living, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

A

Stratum Granulosum

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33
Q

This strata is only present in thick 5 layer skin

consists of 4-6 layers of flattened, clear, dead, keratinocytes that contain a large amount of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

Provides additional toughness to the thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidum

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34
Q

This layer contains an average of 25-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes

Can range in thickness from a few cells in thin skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin

The cells are thin, flat, plasma membrane enclosed packages of keratin

A

Stratum Corneum

thin or thick

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35
Q

Describe the distribution/layout of the cells in the corneum

A
  • each layer of cells overlaps cells in the next layer like scales

-firmly connected to neighboring cell layers

  • plasma membranes of adjacent cells are arranged in complex, wavy folds that fit togehter like a puzzle to hold layers together
  • cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells in the previous layer
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36
Q

What is formed by constant exposure of skin to friction that stimulares increased cell production of keratin

A

A callus(abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum)

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37
Q

The process of cells accumulating more and more keratin as they move into more supericial layers of the epidermis

A

Keratinization

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38
Q

How often is full thickness of epidermis replaced

A

4-6 weeks

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39
Q

A hormone like protein that plays a role in the increase of keratinocyte production in the stratum bassale that is a response to damage where epidermis layers are stripped away (burns and abrasions)

A

Epidermal Growth factor

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40
Q

Second, deeper part of skin; composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres

Has great tensile strength

A

Dermis

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41
Q

The cells found in the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes

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42
Q

Other structures embedded in dermal layer

A

blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles

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43
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary region

reticular region

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44
Q

This region makes up about 1/5th of the dermis

contains collagen and fine elastic fibres

contains dermal papillae

A

Papilary region

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45
Q

small, nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

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46
Q

What can/do dermal papillae contain?

A

All: capillary loops

Some: corpuscles of touch (meissner corpuscles) - tactile receptors

free nerve endings

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47
Q

What do corpuscles of touch (meissner corpuscles) do?

A

They are tactile receptors and are sensitive to touch

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48
Q

What do free nerve endings do?

A

No structural specialization; different ones initiate signals that give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching

49
Q

This region of the dermis is attached the subcutaneous or hypodermal layer.

It contains bundles of thick collagen fibres, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells (eg. macrophages)

Some adipose cells and coarse elastic fibres near subQ layer

A

Reticular region of dermis

50
Q

These fibres are arranged in a netlike manner and have a more regular arrangements than those in the papillary region

The more regular orientation of these fibres help the skin resist stretching

A

Collagen fibres

51
Q

What occupies the spaces between the thick collagen fibres of the reticular region of the dermis?

A

blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

52
Q

What is an oil gland also called?

A

sebasceous gland

53
Q

What is a sweat gland also called?

A

sudoriferous gland

54
Q

What do the combination of collagen and elastic fibres provide for skin?

A

Strength, extensibility, elasticity

55
Q

Skins ability to stretch

A

extensibility

56
Q

Skins ability to return to original shape after stretching

A

elasticity

57
Q

Series of ridge or grooves that appear as either straight lines or as a pattern of loops and whorls (eg finger tips)

Produced during third month of fetal development

Formed by epidermis adhering to dermis between dermal papillae

Create a strong bond between layers

A

Epidermal Ridges

58
Q

Function of epidermal ridges

A

strong bond between dermis and epidermis in areas of higher mechanical stress

greater surface area and therefore better friction and grip

greater surface area also increases the number of corpuscles of touch and therefore incresaes tactile sensitivity

59
Q

What feature of sweat glands combine with epidermal ridges to produce finger prints

A

the sweat gland pores open on the tops of the ridges

60
Q

What three pigments impart a wide variety of colors to the skin?

A

melanin, hemoglobin and carotene

61
Q

This pigment causes the skins color to vary from yellow to reddish-brown to black

A

melanin

62
Q

These cells produce melanin and are most plentiful in the epidermis of the penis, nipples of the breasts, areaola, face and limbs ; also present in mucous membranes

A

melanocytes

63
Q

What determines the difference in skin color if the number of melanocytes is roughly the same for everyone?

A

the amount of pigment produced by melanocytes and the transfer to keratinocytes

64
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

A

hair, skin glands and nails

develop from the embryonic epidermis

65
Q

This is present on most skin surfaces

This on scalp protects from injury and sun rays and decreases heat loss from the scalp

also detects touch in the hair root follicle

A

Hair

66
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

Keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

67
Q

The superficial portion of hair that projects above the skin surface

A

the hair shaft

68
Q

The portion of hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes hypodermis

A

Hair root

69
Q

What are the 3 concentric layers of cells of the shaft and hair root

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
  3. cuticle
70
Q

This concentric layer of the hair shaft and root is composed of two or three rows of irregularily shaped cells that contain large amount of of pigment granules in dark hair, small amount in greay and lack granules in white hair

A

The medulla

71
Q

This concentric layer of the hair shaft and root is the middle layer and forms the major part of of the shaft and consists of elongated cells

A

The cortex

72
Q

Outermost concentric layer of hair shaft and root that consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are the most heavily keratinized

Cells are arranged like shingles with free end pointing toward the end of hair

A

Cuticle layer

73
Q

What surrounds the hair root and is made up of an external sheath and an internal sheath?

A

Hair follicle

74
Q

Sheath of the hair folicle that is a downward continuation of the epidermis

A

the external hair follicle sheath

75
Q

sheath of the hair follicle that is produced by the matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair

A

the internal root folicle sheath

76
Q

The internal and external root sheath

A

Epithelial root sheath

77
Q

the dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle

A

dermal root sheath

78
Q

This structure is the base of each hair folicle and its surrounding dermal root sheet and houses the papilla of the hair

A

The hair bulb

79
Q

What does the papilla of the hair contain?

A

blood vessels and areolar connective tissue and hair matrix

80
Q

This is a germinal layer of cells in the hair bulbl that airses from the stratum basale and these cells are responsible for the growth of existing hairs and producing new hairs

Also produces the cells of the internal root sheath

A

hair matrix

81
Q

Bundle of smooth hair associated with hair

Extends from teh superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle.

A

arrector pili

82
Q

Dendrites of neurons that surround each hair follicle that are sensitive to touch

A

Hair root plexus

83
Q

Three kinds of exocrine glands in the skin

A
  • sebasceous
  • sudoriferous
  • ceruminous
84
Q

These glands are simple, branched, acinar glands that are usually connected to hair follicles

The secreting portion usually is in the dermis and opens to the hair follicle nexk

Some locations open directly to the suface of skin (where there is no hair like lips)

A

Sebasceous glands

85
Q

Where are sebaceous glands absent? small? large?

A

absent - palms and soles

small - most areas of trunk and limbs

  • large in skin of breasts, face, neck, and superior chest
86
Q

What is sebum?

A

An oily substance secreted by sebasceous glands

made of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts

87
Q

Function of sebum

A

Coats surface of hairs to keep them from drying out and becoming brittle

prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin

keeps skin soft and pliable

inhibits the growth of some bacteria

88
Q

These glands release sweat into hair follicles or onto the skin

Divided into two main types

A

Sudoriferous glands

89
Q

Two main types of sudoriferous glands based on their structure and type of secretion

A
  1. eccrine sweat glands
  2. apocrine sweat glands
90
Q

These sweat glands are simple, coiled tubular glands

Most common

Most regions of body especially forehead palms and soles

secretory portion usually in deep dermis

Ends as a pore on the surface

Also produce sweat in response to emotional stress “cold sweat”

A

Eccrine glands

exit to surface directly

91
Q

Function and compostition of eccrine sweat

A

thermoregulation - Regulate body temp through evaporation

water, smal amounts of ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid

92
Q

Sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture is called:

Sweat excreted in large amounts and is seen as moisture:

A

Insensible perspiration

sensible perspiration

93
Q

Eccrine thermoregulatory sweating pattern

A

starts with forehead and scalp then extends to rest of body, palms and soles last

94
Q

Eccrine emotional sweating pattern

A

starts with palms and soles and axillae and then spreads

95
Q

Simple coiled tubular glands with larger ducts and lumens than eccrine glands

A

Apocrine glands

96
Q

Where are apocrine glands mainly located?

A

Axilla, groin, areola, bearded face regions

97
Q

What type of secretion from cells do apocrine cells do?

A

exocytosis, just like eccrine glands

98
Q

Where is the secretory portion of apocrine glands?

A

located int eh lower dermis or upper subcutaneous layer and opens into hair follicles

99
Q

What glands are modified sweat glands in the external ear that produce a waxy, lubricating substance?

A

ceruminous glands

100
Q

Where are the secretory portions of ceruminous glands?

A

subQ layer

101
Q

Where do the ducts open

A

either directly to the surgace of the auditory cancel or into ducts of sebaceous glands

102
Q

Yellowish material that is a combined secretion of ceruminous glands that secrete into the duct of sebasceous glands

A

cerumen

103
Q

Function of cerumen

A

sticky barrier to prevent entrace of foreign bodies and insects

waterproofs ear canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells

104
Q

Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes

A

nails

105
Q

3 parts of a nail

A

Nail body (plate)

Free edge

Nail root

106
Q

The visible portion of the nail; contain a harder type of keratin and cells do not shed

Below this is a region of epithelium and a deeper layer of dermis

Mostly appears pink due to blood flowing through capillaries in the underlying dermis

A

Nail body (plate)

107
Q

The part of the nail body that may extend past the end of the digit; white due to no underlying capilliares

A

free edge

108
Q

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

contains the white crescent shaped area called the lunula

A

Nail root

109
Q

Why is crescent shaped area of nail root (lunula) white?

A

has a thickened region of peithelium so vasular dermis does not show through

110
Q

what is the thickened region of stratum corneum under the free edge of the nail called?

A

hyponychium

111
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

The junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip / secures nail plate to fingertyp

112
Q

What is the area that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium and is under the nail plate?

A

nail bed

113
Q

what is the narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the lateral margin of the nail wall and consists of stratum corneum?

A

cuticle or eponychium

114
Q

The epithelium proximal to the nail root, contains cells that divide mitotically to produce new nail cells

A

nail matric

115
Q

Functions of nails:

A
  1. protect finger and toe ends
  2. provide support and counterpressure to teh palmar surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation
  3. allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects; scratch and groom
116
Q

Two major types of skin

A
  1. thin hairy skin
  2. thick hairless skin
117
Q

what causes thicker skin and thicker stratus corneum

A

mechanical stress

118
Q
A

Biol 235 (10 decks)

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