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Biol 235 > Chapter 11: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone

A

Origin

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2
Q

Attchament of the muscles other tendon to the moveable bone

A

Insertion

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3
Q

THe fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons

A

Belly

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4
Q

The main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

A

Actions

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5
Q

Some muscles are capable of doing actions in reverse, so the origin and insertion switch, this is called (RMA)

A

Reverse Muscle Action

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6
Q

A rigid structure that can move around a fixed point; represented by the bone

A

A lever

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7
Q

A fixed point; represented by the joint

A

The fulcrum

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8
Q

Two different forces affecting the a level

A

Effort and load

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9
Q

This force causes movement; usually force of muscle contraction

A

Effort

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10
Q

This force resist or opposes movement; often the weight of the body part being moved or something the body part is trying to overcome

A

load

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11
Q

When effort applied to the bone at the insertion siteexceeds the load, this occurs

A

Motion

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12
Q

Distance between fulcrum and load and where effort is applied determines?

A

Mechanical advantage or disadvantage

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13
Q

Mechanical advatnage

A

load closer to fulcrum

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14
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

load further from fulcrum

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15
Q

3 categories of levers based on positions of fulcrum, effort and load

A
  1. First Class Levers
  2. Second Class levers
  3. Third class levers
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16
Q

This class of levers sees the fulcrum in between the effort and the load (teeter totter; scissors)

If effort is closer to fulcrum then load - a heavy load is hard to move

If load is closer to fulcrum than effort, heavy load can be moved but slow and not far

A

First class levers

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17
Q

In this category of lever, the load is between the fulcrum and the effort

Eg wheelbarrow

Always mechanical advantage because load is always closer to fulcrum

A

second class levers

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18
Q

These levers are most common in body

The effort is between the load and the fulcrum

Always mechanical disadvantage

A

Third class levels

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19
Q

5 patterns of fascicle arrangements with tendons

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Fusiform (spindle shaped, narrow toward the ends and wide in the middle)
  3. circular
  4. triangular
  5. pennate (feather shaped)
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20
Q

Fascicular arrangement often represents a compromise between:

A

power and rang of motion

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21
Q

This muscle contracts to cause an action in an opposing pair

A

Prime mover

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22
Q

This muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover in an opposing pair

A

Antagonist

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23
Q

These smaller muscles prevent unwanted movement at intermediate joints (joints between the effort muscle and the fulcrum joint for that action) or otherwise aid the movement of prime mover

A

synergists

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24
Q

Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

A

fixators

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25
Q

A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all of which have a common function

A

Compartment

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26
Q

This muscle extends from occiptal bone to frontal bone, contains a frontal belly and an occipital belly which both affect the scalp movements

A

Occipitofrontalis

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27
Q

This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of the forehead horizontally

A

frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

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28
Q

This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp posteriorly

A

Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

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29
Q

This muscle is circular, closes and protrudes the lips as in kissing, compresses lips against teeth, and shapes lips during speech

A

Orbicularis Oris

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30
Q

This cheek muscle draws angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally as in smiling

A

Zygomaticus Major

31
Q

This facial muscle is found in the cheek region and presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling), blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth and not between the teeth and cheeks

A

Buccinator Muscle

32
Q

This muscle closes the eye

A

Oribularis Occuli

33
Q

These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint; four muscles

A

Muscles of mastication

34
Q

The thress powerful muscles that close the jaw

A

Masseter
Temporalis
medial pterygoid

35
Q

The masseter muscle origin

A

The zygomatic arch and maxilla

36
Q

Insertion points of the masseter muscle

A

angle and ramus of mandible

37
Q

Action of masseter muscle

A

Elevates the mandible

38
Q

Origin of temporalis muscle

A

temporal bone

39
Q

Insertion of temporalis muscle

A

Coronoid process and ramus of mandible

40
Q

Action of temporalis muscle in mastication

A

elevates and retracts the mandible

41
Q

Neck muscle

A

Sternocleidomastoid

42
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle origin

A

Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle

43
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone

44
Q

This abdominal muscle origins at pubic creast and inserts at cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

A

Rectus Abdominis

45
Q

he muscle that runs up and down on the anterior abdomen and origin is at pubic crest and pubic symphysis and insertion at the cartilage of the 5-7 ribs and the xiphoid process; aids in forward bending

A

Rectus Abdominis

46
Q

Abdominal muscle closer to surface; compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column,

laterally flexes vertebral column expecially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column

A

External Obliques

47
Q

This oblique muscle is farther in from the surface. Acts to compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; singly laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column

A

Internal obliqueT

48
Q

This abdominal muscle inserts at the xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis; compresses abdomen

A

Transversus Abdominis

49
Q

The aponeurosis of which abdoninal muscles meet in the middle of the abdomen to form the linea alba?

A

Internal, external obliqu, and transversus abdominis muscle aponeuroses

50
Q

This muscle of the thorax assists with breathing and is the roof of the abdominal cavity and floor of thoracic cavity.

It has many origins: 12th rib, lower 6 ribs and their cartialedge, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebra and thier discs

51
Q

What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm relaxes? contracts?

A

When it relaxes, the diaphragm moves up, forcing exhalation due to decreased volume capacity of the thoracic cavity

When it contracts, the diaphragm pulls downward, which increases the capacity of the thoracic cavity which forces inhalation as air rushes in to fill the increased space.

52
Q

What is the aponeurosis on the diaghragm that all fibres run to from their points or origin?

A

The central tendon

53
Q

Where does the central tendon attach?

A

Inferior pericardium and the pleurae of lungs

54
Q

Where are intercostals found?

A

The spaces between ribs

55
Q

2 types of intercostal muscles?

A

Internal and external intercostal muscles

56
Q

These intercostal muscles are the most superficial and fibres run in an oblique direction interiorly and anteriorly from the rib above to the rib below.

They elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity

A

11 pairs of external intercostal muscles

57
Q

These muscles run oblique but peripendicular to the external intercostal muscles and are used for forced inhalation by contracting to pull adjacent ribs closer together

A

internal intercostal muscles

58
Q

What anterior thoracic muscle abducts the scapula and rotates it downward; and RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed

A

Pectoralis Minor

59
Q

These anterior thoracic muscles originate at ribs 1-9 and insert at the vertebral border and inferior angle of the scapula

These muscles abdult and rotate scapula upwards

RMA: Elevate ribs when scapula is stabilized

“boxers musclse” but it is imporatant in horizontal arm movements

A

Serratus Anterior

60
Q

This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and the spines of C7-T12 and inserts at the scapular spine, acromion and clavicle

61
Q

Action of superior fibres of trapezius

A

Upward rotate scapula;

RMA: Help extend the head

62
Q

Action of middle fibers of Trapezius

A

Adduct scapula

63
Q

Action of inferior trapezius fibers

A

depress and upward rotate scapula

64
Q

This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the the transverse processes of c1-c4, inserts at superior vertebral border of scapule, and its action is to elvate the scapula and rotate it downward

A

Levator Scapulae

65
Q

This posterior thoracic muscle elevates and adducts the scapula and rotates it downward; also stabilizes scapula

A

Rhomboid Major

66
Q

Two axial muscles that move the humerus

A

The pectoralis major and latissmus dorsi

67
Q

6 Scapular muscles that move the humerus

A
  1. Deltoid
  2. Subscapularis
  3. Supraspinatus
  4. Infraspinatus
  5. Teres Major
  6. Teres minor
68
Q

This scapular muscle extends shoulder and aids in lateral rotation of the shoulder joint

A

Teres Minor

69
Q

This scapular muscle also extends arm at should joint but also assists in adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint

A

Teres Major

70
Q

THis scapular muscle originates at the acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion of the scapula and spine of scapula and all fibres insert at the deltoid tuberosity of the the humerus

A

The deltoid

71
Q

The lateral fibres of this scapular muscle abduct the arm at the shoulder joint; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate the arm at the shoulder joint; and posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate the arm at the shoulder joint

72
Q

This scapular muscle medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint

A

subscapularis

Biol 235 (22 decks)

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