Chapter 11: The Muscular System Flashcards
Attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone
Origin
Attchament of the muscles other tendon to the moveable bone
Insertion
THe fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons
Belly
The main movements that occur when the muscle contracts
Actions
Some muscles are capable of doing actions in reverse, so the origin and insertion switch, this is called (RMA)
Reverse Muscle Action
A rigid structure that can move around a fixed point; represented by the bone
A lever
A fixed point; represented by the joint
The fulcrum
Two different forces affecting the a level
Effort and load
This force causes movement; usually force of muscle contraction
Effort
This force resist or opposes movement; often the weight of the body part being moved or something the body part is trying to overcome
load
When effort applied to the bone at the insertion siteexceeds the load, this occurs
Motion
Distance between fulcrum and load and where effort is applied determines?
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage
Mechanical advatnage
load closer to fulcrum
Mechanical disadvantage
load further from fulcrum
3 categories of levers based on positions of fulcrum, effort and load
- First Class Levers
- Second Class levers
- Third class levers
This class of levers sees the fulcrum in between the effort and the load (teeter totter; scissors)
If effort is closer to fulcrum then load - a heavy load is hard to move
If load is closer to fulcrum than effort, heavy load can be moved but slow and not far
First class levers
In this category of lever, the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
Eg wheelbarrow
Always mechanical advantage because load is always closer to fulcrum
second class levers
These levers are most common in body
The effort is between the load and the fulcrum
Always mechanical disadvantage
Third class levels
5 patterns of fascicle arrangements with tendons
- Parallel
- Fusiform (spindle shaped, narrow toward the ends and wide in the middle)
- circular
- triangular
- pennate (feather shaped)
Fascicular arrangement often represents a compromise between:
power and rang of motion
This muscle contracts to cause an action in an opposing pair
Prime mover
This muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover in an opposing pair
Antagonist
These smaller muscles prevent unwanted movement at intermediate joints (joints between the effort muscle and the fulcrum joint for that action) or otherwise aid the movement of prime mover
synergists
Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
fixators
A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all of which have a common function
Compartment
This muscle extends from occiptal bone to frontal bone, contains a frontal belly and an occipital belly which both affect the scalp movements
Occipitofrontalis
This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of the forehead horizontally
frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp posteriorly
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
This muscle is circular, closes and protrudes the lips as in kissing, compresses lips against teeth, and shapes lips during speech
Orbicularis Oris
This cheek muscle draws angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally as in smiling
Zygomaticus Major
This facial muscle is found in the cheek region and presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling), blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth and not between the teeth and cheeks
Buccinator Muscle
This muscle closes the eye
Oribularis Occuli
These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint; four muscles
Muscles of mastication
The thress powerful muscles that close the jaw
Masseter
Temporalis
medial pterygoid
The masseter muscle origin
The zygomatic arch and maxilla
Insertion points of the masseter muscle
angle and ramus of mandible
Action of masseter muscle
Elevates the mandible
Origin of temporalis muscle
temporal bone
Insertion of temporalis muscle
Coronoid process and ramus of mandible
Action of temporalis muscle in mastication
elevates and retracts the mandible
Neck muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternocleidomastoid muscle origin
Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion
Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
This abdominal muscle origins at pubic creast and inserts at cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
Rectus Abdominis
he muscle that runs up and down on the anterior abdomen and origin is at pubic crest and pubic symphysis and insertion at the cartilage of the 5-7 ribs and the xiphoid process; aids in forward bending
Rectus Abdominis
Abdominal muscle closer to surface; compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column,
laterally flexes vertebral column expecially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column
External Obliques
This oblique muscle is farther in from the surface. Acts to compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; singly laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column
Internal obliqueT
This abdominal muscle inserts at the xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis; compresses abdomen
Transversus Abdominis
The aponeurosis of which abdoninal muscles meet in the middle of the abdomen to form the linea alba?
Internal, external obliqu, and transversus abdominis muscle aponeuroses
This muscle of the thorax assists with breathing and is the roof of the abdominal cavity and floor of thoracic cavity.
It has many origins: 12th rib, lower 6 ribs and their cartialedge, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebra and thier discs
Diaghragm
What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm relaxes? contracts?
When it relaxes, the diaphragm moves up, forcing exhalation due to decreased volume capacity of the thoracic cavity
When it contracts, the diaphragm pulls downward, which increases the capacity of the thoracic cavity which forces inhalation as air rushes in to fill the increased space.
What is the aponeurosis on the diaghragm that all fibres run to from their points or origin?
The central tendon
Where does the central tendon attach?
Inferior pericardium and the pleurae of lungs
Where are intercostals found?
The spaces between ribs
2 types of intercostal muscles?
Internal and external intercostal muscles
These intercostal muscles are the most superficial and fibres run in an oblique direction interiorly and anteriorly from the rib above to the rib below.
They elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity
11 pairs of external intercostal muscles
These muscles run oblique but peripendicular to the external intercostal muscles and are used for forced inhalation by contracting to pull adjacent ribs closer together
internal intercostal muscles
What anterior thoracic muscle abducts the scapula and rotates it downward; and RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed
Pectoralis Minor
These anterior thoracic muscles originate at ribs 1-9 and insert at the vertebral border and inferior angle of the scapula
These muscles abdult and rotate scapula upwards
RMA: Elevate ribs when scapula is stabilized
“boxers musclse” but it is imporatant in horizontal arm movements
Serratus Anterior
This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and the spines of C7-T12 and inserts at the scapular spine, acromion and clavicle
Trapezius
Action of superior fibres of trapezius
Upward rotate scapula;
RMA: Help extend the head
Action of middle fibers of Trapezius
Adduct scapula
Action of inferior trapezius fibers
depress and upward rotate scapula
This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the the transverse processes of c1-c4, inserts at superior vertebral border of scapule, and its action is to elvate the scapula and rotate it downward
Levator Scapulae
This posterior thoracic muscle elevates and adducts the scapula and rotates it downward; also stabilizes scapula
Rhomboid Major
Two axial muscles that move the humerus
The pectoralis major and latissmus dorsi
6 Scapular muscles that move the humerus
- Deltoid
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Major
- Teres minor
This scapular muscle extends shoulder and aids in lateral rotation of the shoulder joint
Teres Minor
This scapular muscle also extends arm at should joint but also assists in adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint
Teres Major
THis scapular muscle originates at the acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion of the scapula and spine of scapula and all fibres insert at the deltoid tuberosity of the the humerus
The deltoid
The lateral fibres of this scapular muscle abduct the arm at the shoulder joint; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate the arm at the shoulder joint; and posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate the arm at the shoulder joint
Deltoid
This scapular muscle medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
subscapularis