Chapter 1 Introduction to the human body Flashcards
Science of Body structures and the relationships among them
Anatomy
The science of bodyfunctions - how the body parts work
Physiology
Levels of organizational structure
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Made up of atoms and molecules
chemicals
Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals; smallest living units in human body
Cells
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Tissues
Four basic types of tissues
epthelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
Organs
These consist of related organs with a common function
Organ System (System) level
All the parts of the human body functioing together constitute this
Organism
The 6 basic life processes
MacRMGDR
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Anabolism
The body’s ability to detect and respond changes
Responsiveness
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and even tiny structures inside cells
Movement
Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both
Growth
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
Either:
1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
or
2) the production of a new individual
Reproduction
The maintainance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment; this is constantly being disturbed
Homeostasis
Dilute, watery solutions containing dis-solved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them; important that volume and composition is maintained
Body Fluids
Fluid within cells
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid outside body cells
extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Interstitial Fluid
Extracellular fluid within in blood vessels
Blood plasma
Extracellular fluid within lymphatic vessels
Lymph fluid
Extracellular fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in joints
Synovial fluid
ECF in the eyes
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
The body’s internal environment
Extracellular Fluid
The body’s external environment
the space that surrounds the entire body.
The linings of these systems are continuous with the body’s external environment
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Smallest blood vessels in the body; specialized to allow the transfer of material between plasma and interstitial fluid
Capilliaries
Can be caused by distruptions in the internal environment (eg low blood sugar), physical insults from the external environment (heat from hot day), psychological stress. Usually temporary and mild. Can be intesnse and prolonged.
Homestatic Imbalances
This system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood to counteract changes to homeostasis. This system affects change more slowly than the nervous system.
Endocrine system
This system sends nerve impulses to organs that can couteract changes when there is homeostatic imbalances. This system affects change more quickly than the endocrine system.
The nervous system
These two systems work together or independantly in response to homestasis distruption.
Endocrine and nervous systems
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition in monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
A feedback system or feedback loop
A monitored variable in a feedback system
Controlled condition or controlled variable
(eg blood glucose, temperature, etc)
Any distruption that changes a controlled variable
A stimulus
3 basic components of a feedback system
A receptor
A control center
An effector
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
A receptor
Pathway where information flows towards a control center
Afferent Pathway
In terms of feedback systems, input and output are usually in the form of:
Nerve impulses or chemical signals
This sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
A control centre
Pathway where information flows away from the control center
Efferent Pathway
A body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
An Effector
This feedback system reverses changes in a controlled condition (eg changes to bring a high blood pressure back down)
Negative Feedback System
This feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions (eg. childbirth or blood clotting)
Positive Feedback System
Pathway of Negative Feedback Loop
Stimulus -> Controlled Condition -> Receptors ->INPUT-> Control Center -> OUTPUT->Effectors -> RESPONSE -> Back to monitoring controlled condition
Pathway of a positive feedback loop
Stimulus -> Affects controlled condition -> receptors receive change information and send input -> Control center receieve input, interprets it, and sends output to -> Effectors receive output and continue to increase or decrease the change that is happening to the controlled condition -> RESPONSE -> back up to continued change to controlled condition that causes cycle to continue until an interruption in the cycle occurs
A position where a subject stands erect, facing the observer, with the head level, eyes forward, hand and legs are parallel. Feet are flat on floor and pointed forward. Palms of hands are turned forward.
Anatomical Position
A body position where the body is lying flat, face down
Prone Position
A body position where the body is lying flat, face up
Supine Position
Principal Regions of the body
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
The region of the body consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of limb from buttock to knee), leg (portion from knee to ankle), ankle and foot
Lower limb
Spaces that enclose internal organs
Body cavities
This body cavity contains the brain; formed by cranial bones
Cranial Cavity
The spinal cord is contained in this structure formed by the bones of the veterbral column (backbone)
Vertebral (spinal) canal
What are the two major body cavities of the trunk?
Thoracic Cavity
Abdom-inopelvic Cavity
This cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. It also contains the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities
Thoracic Cavity
A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
Pericardial Cavity
Two fluid filled spaces that each surround a lung
Pleural Cavities
Central part of the thoracic cavity. This is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
- contains all thoracic organs except the lungs
- contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart
A dome shaped muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominocavity
Diaghragm
The major body cavitiy extends from the diaghragm to the groin, and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis
Abdominopelvic cavity
Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
What organs does the abdominal cavity contain?
stomach
spleen
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
most of large intestine
Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
The pelvic cavity
What organs are contained with the pelvic cavity?
Bladder
Part of large intestine
Internal reproductive organs
What are organs called that are located inside the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?
Viscera
What are the 3 cavities located within the thoracic cavity?
Pleural Cavities
Pericardial Cavity
Mediastinum
What are the 2 cavities found within the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
What are the two ‘cavities’ that contain the brain and spinal cord
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Canal
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Serous membrane lining the abdominal organs (viscera)
Visceral Peritoneum
Serous membrane lining the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaghragm
Parietal Peritoneum
Area between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal Cavity
Name the organs/structurs that are posterior the peritoneal cavity, and the term that is used to describe them
Retroperitoneal
-Kidneys
-Adrenal Glands
-pancreas
-duodenum
-ascending and descending
- colons of large intestine
-portions of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
Serous membranes of the pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
A membrane
This covers the viscera within the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
Serous Membrane
Name and describe the 2 layers of a serous membrane
- Parietal layer - lines the walls of the cavities
- Visceral layer - covers and adheres to the organs (viscera) of the cavities
Fluid found between the two layers of a serous membrane
Serous Fluid
Serous membranes of the pleural cavities that create the pleural cavity
Pleura
Visceral Pleura and Parietal Pleura
Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are above the subcostal line and below the thoracic cavity from left to right
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are below the subcostal line and above the transtubercular line from left to right
Right lumber region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are below the transtubercular line from left to right
Right inguinal region
Hypogastric region
Left inguinal region
Name the sagittal and transverse lines that divide the abdominopelvic regions into 9 spaces
Transverse:
subcostal line
trasntubercular line
Sagittal:
Right midclavicular
Left Midclavicular
Name the sagittal and tansverse lines that create the 4 quadrants
Saggital:
Median line
Transverse:
Transumbilical Line
Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrants
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
