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Biol 235 > Chapter 1 Introduction to the human body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

Science of Body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The science of bodyfunctions - how the body parts work

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Levels of organizational structure

A

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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4
Q

Made up of atoms and molecules

A

chemicals

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5
Q

Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals; smallest living units in human body

A

Cells

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6
Q

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Four basic types of tissues

A

epthelial, connective, muscular and nervous

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8
Q

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

A

Organs

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9
Q

These consist of related organs with a common function

A

Organ System (System) level

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10
Q

All the parts of the human body functioing together constitute this

A

Organism

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11
Q

The 6 basic life processes

A

MacRMGDR

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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12
Q

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

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14
Q

The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

Anabolism

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15
Q

The body’s ability to detect and respond changes

A

Responsiveness

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16
Q

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and even tiny structures inside cells

A

Movement

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17
Q

Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both

A

Growth

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18
Q

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

Either:
1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
or
2) the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

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20
Q

The maintainance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment; this is constantly being disturbed

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

Dilute, watery solutions containing dis-solved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them; important that volume and composition is maintained

A

Body Fluids

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22
Q

Fluid within cells

A

Intracellular Fluid

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23
Q

Fluid outside body cells

A

extracellular fluid

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24
Q

Extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

A

Interstitial Fluid

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25
Q

Extracellular fluid within in blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

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26
Q

Extracellular fluid within lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph fluid

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27
Q

Extracellular fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

ECF in joints

A

Synovial fluid

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29
Q

ECF in the eyes

A

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

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30
Q

The body’s internal environment

A

Extracellular Fluid

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31
Q

The body’s external environment

A

the space that surrounds the entire body.

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32
Q

The linings of these systems are continuous with the body’s external environment

A

Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary

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33
Q

Smallest blood vessels in the body; specialized to allow the transfer of material between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Capilliaries

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34
Q

Can be caused by distruptions in the internal environment (eg low blood sugar), physical insults from the external environment (heat from hot day), psychological stress. Usually temporary and mild. Can be intesnse and prolonged.

A

Homestatic Imbalances

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35
Q

This system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood to counteract changes to homeostasis. This system affects change more slowly than the nervous system.

A

Endocrine system

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36
Q

This system sends nerve impulses to organs that can couteract changes when there is homeostatic imbalances. This system affects change more quickly than the endocrine system.

A

The nervous system

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37
Q

These two systems work together or independantly in response to homestasis distruption.

A

Endocrine and nervous systems

38
Q

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition in monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

A

A feedback system or feedback loop

39
Q

A monitored variable in a feedback system

A

Controlled condition or controlled variable
(eg blood glucose, temperature, etc)

40
Q

Any distruption that changes a controlled variable

A

A stimulus

41
Q

3 basic components of a feedback system

A

A receptor

A control center

An effector

42
Q

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

A

A receptor

43
Q

Pathway where information flows towards a control center

A

Afferent Pathway

44
Q

In terms of feedback systems, input and output are usually in the form of:

A

Nerve impulses or chemical signals

45
Q

This sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

A

A control centre

46
Q

Pathway where information flows away from the control center

A

Efferent Pathway

47
Q

A body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

A

An Effector

48
Q

This feedback system reverses changes in a controlled condition (eg changes to bring a high blood pressure back down)

A

Negative Feedback System

49
Q

This feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions (eg. childbirth or blood clotting)

A

Positive Feedback System

50
Q

Pathway of Negative Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus -> Controlled Condition -> Receptors ->INPUT-> Control Center -> OUTPUT->Effectors -> RESPONSE -> Back to monitoring controlled condition

51
Q

Pathway of a positive feedback loop

A

Stimulus -> Affects controlled condition -> receptors receive change information and send input -> Control center receieve input, interprets it, and sends output to -> Effectors receive output and continue to increase or decrease the change that is happening to the controlled condition -> RESPONSE -> back up to continued change to controlled condition that causes cycle to continue until an interruption in the cycle occurs

52
Q

A position where a subject stands erect, facing the observer, with the head level, eyes forward, hand and legs are parallel. Feet are flat on floor and pointed forward. Palms of hands are turned forward.

A

Anatomical Position

53
Q

A body position where the body is lying flat, face down

A

Prone Position

54
Q

A body position where the body is lying flat, face up

A

Supine Position

55
Q

Principal Regions of the body

A

Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb

56
Q

The region of the body consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of limb from buttock to knee), leg (portion from knee to ankle), ankle and foot

A

Lower limb

57
Q

Spaces that enclose internal organs

A

Body cavities

58
Q

This body cavity contains the brain; formed by cranial bones

A

Cranial Cavity

59
Q

The spinal cord is contained in this structure formed by the bones of the veterbral column (backbone)

A

Vertebral (spinal) canal

60
Q

What are the two major body cavities of the trunk?

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdom-inopelvic Cavity

61
Q

This cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. It also contains the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities

A

Thoracic Cavity

62
Q

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial Cavity

63
Q

Two fluid filled spaces that each surround a lung

A

Pleural Cavities

64
Q

Central part of the thoracic cavity. This is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm

A

Mediastinum

  • contains all thoracic organs except the lungs
  • contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart
65
Q

A dome shaped muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominocavity

A

Diaghragm

66
Q

The major body cavitiy extends from the diaghragm to the groin, and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

67
Q

Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

68
Q

What organs does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

stomach
spleen
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
most of large intestine

69
Q

Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic cavity

70
Q

What organs are contained with the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder
Part of large intestine
Internal reproductive organs

71
Q

What are organs called that are located inside the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

A

Viscera

72
Q

What are the 3 cavities located within the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleural Cavities
Pericardial Cavity
Mediastinum

73
Q

What are the 2 cavities found within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity

74
Q

What are the two ‘cavities’ that contain the brain and spinal cord

A

Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Canal

75
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

76
Q

Serous membrane lining the abdominal organs (viscera)

A

Visceral Peritoneum

77
Q

Serous membrane lining the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaghragm

A

Parietal Peritoneum

78
Q

Area between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

A

Peritoneal Cavity

79
Q

Name the organs/structurs that are posterior the peritoneal cavity, and the term that is used to describe them

A

Retroperitoneal
-Kidneys
-Adrenal Glands
-pancreas
-duodenum
-ascending and descending
- colons of large intestine
-portions of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

80
Q

Serous membranes of the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardium

Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium

81
Q

A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

A

A membrane

82
Q

This covers the viscera within the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

A

Serous Membrane

83
Q

Name and describe the 2 layers of a serous membrane

A
  1. Parietal layer - lines the walls of the cavities
  2. Visceral layer - covers and adheres to the organs (viscera) of the cavities
84
Q

Fluid found between the two layers of a serous membrane

A

Serous Fluid

85
Q

Serous membranes of the pleural cavities that create the pleural cavity

A

Pleura

Visceral Pleura and Parietal Pleura

86
Q

Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are above the subcostal line and below the thoracic cavity from left to right

A

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left hypochondriac

87
Q

Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are below the subcostal line and above the transtubercular line from left to right

A

Right lumber region

Umbilical Region

Left Lumbar Region

88
Q

Name the 3 abdominopelvic regions that are below the transtubercular line from left to right

A

Right inguinal region

Hypogastric region

Left inguinal region

89
Q

Name the sagittal and transverse lines that divide the abdominopelvic regions into 9 spaces

A

Transverse:
subcostal line
trasntubercular line

Sagittal:
Right midclavicular
Left Midclavicular

90
Q

Name the sagittal and tansverse lines that create the 4 quadrants

A

Saggital:
Median line

Transverse:
Transumbilical Line

91
Q

Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right upper quadrants
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant

Biol 235 (5 decks)

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