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Biol 235 > Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The main function of muscle tissue

A

converting chemical energy into mechanical energy to generate force, perform work and produce movement

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2
Q

Other functions of muscle tissue

A

Stabilize body position, regulate organ volume, generate heat, propel fluids and food matter through various body systems

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3
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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4
Q

This type of muscle primarly moves the bones of the skeleton

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle is controlled by which division of the nervous system?

A

somatic (voluntary)

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle is (striated/not striated) and (voluntary/involuntary)

A

Striated

Voluntary

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7
Q

What type of muscle makes up heart tissue?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle is (striated/not striated) and (voluntary/involuntary)

A

Striated

Involuntary

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9
Q

Term for the built in rhythm of the heart “pacemaker” that causes it to beat

A

Autorhythmicity

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10
Q

These two chemicals can adjust heart rate by affecting the pacemaker

A

hormones

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is (striated/nonstriated) and (voluntary/involuntary)

A

Nonstriated

Involuntary

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12
Q

Some smooth muscle (like digestive tract) has ______________________ like the pacemaker of the heart to help propel food

A

autorhythmicity

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13
Q

The smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are controlled by which division of the nervous system?

A

Autonomic (involuntary)

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14
Q

The hormones of the endocrine glands can also influence which two muscle types?

A

cardiac and smooth

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15
Q

4 key functions of muscle

A
  1. Producing body movements
  2. Stabilizing body position
  3. Storing and moving substances within the body
  4. Generating heat (thermogenesis)
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16
Q

4 special properties of mucscular tissue

A
  1. Electrical excitability (muscle action potentials)
  2. Contractibility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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17
Q

What limits the extensibility of muscle tissue?

A

the connective tissue within the muscle

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18
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is subject to the greatest amount of stretching?

A

smooth muscle (stomach, bladder)

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19
Q

Cells that make up skeletal muscles

A

myocytes or muscle fibres

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20
Q

What are the main functions of the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscle tissue?

A

Stores most of the bodys triglycerides

insulation

protect muscle from physical trauma

pathway for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles

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21
Q

What re the main functions of fascia?

A
  • allows free movement of muscles
  • carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
  • fills space between muscles
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22
Q

What are the three layer of connective tissue that extends from the fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscle?

A
  1. epimysium
  2. permysium
  3. enomysium
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23
Q

This is the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle and consists of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Epimysium

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24
Q

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibres

A

perimysium

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25
These bundles are 10-100 or more muscle fibres wrapped with perimysium
Fascicles
26
This connective tissue penetrates the interior of each fascilcle and separates individual muscle fibres from one another. Made up of mostly reticular fibres.
endomysium
27
A rope like extension from a muscle that consists of the three types of connective tissue and attaches to the periosteum of a bone
tendon
28
29
Which neurons stimulate the skeletal muscle to contract?
somatic motor neurons
30
During embryonic development, the fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called myoblasts, arise to form?
Muscle fibres
31
What is the sarcolemma in a muscle cell?
The cell plasma membrane
32
What is sacroplasm in a muscle fibre?
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre
33
What are transverse (T) Tubules?
tunnels into the muscle fibre that is open to the outside and contains interstitial fluid increases the surface area for action potentials to actitivate all parts of teh the muscle fibre simultaneously
34
This is a large molecule composed of many glucose molecules; prsent in large numbers in the sarcoplams
glycogen
35
What is glycogen in the sarcoplasm used for?
to synthesize ATP
36
What is the red colored protein int he sarcoplasm?
myoglobin
37
What protein only found in muscle, binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from the interstitial fluid
Myoglobin
38
When does myoglobin release the oxygen molecules
When the mitochondria needs it for ATP production
39
These are the contractile organelles of skeletal muscle
myofibrils
40
How long are myofibrils
the length of the muscle fibre
41
Each myofibril is surrounded by this network that is filled with fluid and is similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum in non-muscle cells
sarcoplamic reticulum
42
At the end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, these cisterns butt against the T tubule from both sides
Terminal cisterns
43
What is the system of two terminal cisterns on either side of a T Tubule called?
Triad
44
What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store in relaxed muscle fibre?
Ca+
45
The release of what from the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggers a muscle contraction?
Ca+
46
What are the two tpes of filaments or myofilaments within myofibrils?
Thin filaments and thick filaments
47
These filaments are 8nm in diameter, 1-2 um long and made of actin
thin filaments actin
48
These filaments are 16nm in diameter and 1-2um long and are composed of myosin
Thick filaments myosin
49
How many thin filaments for each thick filament?
2 thin for every 1 long
50
What are the compartments or structures that the thin and thick filaments are arranged in in a muscle fibre?
Sarcomeres
51
What is the basic functional unit of a myofibril?
A sarcomere
52
These are narrow, plate shaped regiong of dense protein material that seperate one sarcomere from another
Z discs
53
The A band is the middle section of the sacromere and extends the length of the....
Thick filamanets
54
What zone is found near the ends of the A band where the thick and thin filaments lie side by side?
The zone of overlap
55
This is lighter, less dense area that contains the rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments
I Band
56
What passes through the center of each I Band?
Z disc
57
What creates the striations in skeletal muscle tissue?
the dark A Bands and LIght I bands
58
What is contained in the H zone in the centre of each A Band?
Only thick filament, no thin filament
59
What does the M Line in the centre of the A Band consist of?
Supporting proteins holding two thick filaments togetherW
60
What are the three kinds of proteins that make u myofibrils?
1. Contractile Proteins 2. Regulatory Proteins 3. Structural Proteins
61
What is the function of contractile proteins?
To generate force during contraction
62
What two proteins are contractile proteins?
Myosin and actin
63
What does myosin function as in all three types of muscle tissue?
A motor protein
64
These type of proteins pull various cell structures to achieve movement by converting the chemical energy in ATP to the mechanical energy of motion (force)
Motor proteins (myosin)
65
How many myosin molecules form a single thick filament?
About 300 myosin molecules form a thick filament
66
Describe the structure of the mysoin molecules
Shaped like two golf clubs twisted together
67
What is the myosin tail?
The two twisted golf club handle end
68
Where does the myosin tail point in the sarcomere?
Towards the M LIne
69
What composes the myosin heads?
The two golf club heads of the myosin molecule
70
What are the two myosin head binding sites?
1. Actin binding site 2. ATP-binding site
71
What is another function of the ATP binding site on the myosin heads?
Functions as ATP-ase - an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction
72
What shape do individual actin molecules combine to form?
A helix
73
What part of myosin binds to the myosin binding site on each actin?
The myosin head
74
What are the two regulatory proteins found in a myofibril?
1. tropomyosin 2. Troponin
75
What filament do the tropomyosin and troponin belong to?
THe thin filaments
76
What does tropomyosin do?
Blocks the myosin binding sites on actin in relaxed musclesW
77
What holds tropomyosin strands in place?
troponin
78
What causes troponin to undergo a shape change that results in the tropomyosin being moved away from the myosin binding site on the actin?
Ca+ calcium ions
79
What happens when myosin binds to actin myosin binding site?
muscle contraction
80
What do the dozen structural proteins found in muscle contribute to?
Alignment Stability Elascticity Extensibility of myofibrils
81
What is the third most plentiful protein in skeletal muscle?
Titin
82
How big is a titin molecule
half a sarcomeere; from z disc to m-line
83
What role does titin molecule play
Connects to zdisc and m line for stability of the the position of the thick filament Also accounts for elasticity and extensibility in myofibrils - can stretch 4 x its length
84
What mechanism describes the process of muscles contracting?
Sliding filament mechanism
85
What happens when thin filaments slide inward during muscle contraction?
The I Band and H zone narrow and eventually disappear altogether when the muscle is maximally contracted
86
What are the four steps of the contraction cycle?
1. ATP hydrolysis 2. Attachment of myosin to actin 3. Power stroke 4. Detachment of myosin from actin

Biol 235 (22 decks)

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