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Biol 235 > Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Part 2 Flashcards

Connective Tissues

1
Q

This material is located between widely spaced cells, and consists of protein fibres and ground substance.

A

Extracellular Matrix

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2
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

bings together, supports, strengthens other body tissues, protects and insulates internal organs, compartmentalizes structures, major transport system within the body (blood), most stored energy reserves is here and the main source of immune response

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3
Q

Fibroblasts to fibrocytes

A

Loose and dense connective tissue cells

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4
Q

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

A

Cartilidge cells

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5
Q

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

A

Bone cells

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6
Q

What cells retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue?

A

Blast cells

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7
Q

In some tissues when a blast cell (immature cell), produces extracellular matric and then differentiate into a mature cell it is then called?

A

A -cyte cell

eg fibrocyte, osteocyte, chondrocyte

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8
Q

Matured cells (-cytes) have reduced capacity for what?

What are they mostly involved in?

A

Reduced capacity for:

Cell division and extracellular matrix formation

Mostly:

Monitor and maintain extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Cells of connective tissues:

A

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Plasma Cells

Mast Cells

Adipocytes

Leukocytes

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10
Q

Fibroblasts

A

large, flat cells with branching processes

Present in all general connective tissue and most numberous

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes produced from monocytes

Fixed Macrophages - reside in a particular tissue

Wandering Macrophages - ability to move throughout and gather at sites of inflammation or infection

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12
Q

Plasma cells (plasmocytes)

A

found in many places in the body

Mostly reside in connective tissue, especially in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

Secrete immunoglobin and antibodies

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13
Q

Mast cells

A

Mastocytes

Involed in the inflammatory repsonse and can also bind to, ingest and kill bacteria

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14
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells; cells cells that store triglycerides

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15
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Not usually significant number in connective tissue but enter connective tissue from blood stream when needed

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16
Q

What are the two main components of connective tissue extracellular matrix?

A
  1. the ground substance
  2. the fibres
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17
Q

Describe ground substance

A
  • may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified
  • supports cells, binds them together, stores water and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells
  • Influences how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate and change shape and in metabolic functions
  • contains water and large organic molecules, many complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins
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18
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

binds cells, lubricates joints and helps maintain the shape of eyeballs

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19
Q

What cells produce hyaluronidase and what does it do?

A

white blood cells, sperm cells, and some bacteria

breaks down hyaluronic acid and therefore causes ground substance to become more liquid, allowing easier passage into the connective tissue

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20
Q

ADhesion proteins

A

link components of ground substance to one another and teh surfaces of cells

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21
Q

Fibronectin

A

The main adhesion protein of the connective tissues

Links collagen fibres and ground substance together; links cells to ground substance

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22
Q

Three types of fibres in extracellular matric

A
  1. Collagen fibres
  2. Elastic FIbres
  3. Reticular Fibres
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23
Q

These fibres are very strong and resist pulling or stretching but are not stiff.

Made of collagen protein which is the most abundant protein in the body (25%)

Found in most connective tissues - especially found in bone, cartilage, tendones and ligaments

A

Collegan Fibres

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24
Q

These fibres are smaller than collagen fibres

They branch and join together to form a fibrous network

COnsists of molexules of the protein elastin, surrounded by a glycoprotein called fibrillin (adds strength and stability)

Can be stretched up to 150% their relaxed length

Can return to original shape after being strches (elasticity)

Found in skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue

A

Elastic FIbres

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25
Q

These fibres consist of collagen molecules arranged in bundles with a coating of glycoprotein

They provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around cells in some tissues (eg areolar, adipose tissues, nerve fibres)

Produced by fibroblasts and are much thinner than collagen fibres

Form branching networks

Provide support and strength

Plentiful in reticular connective tissue which forms the stroma of many soft organs and also help form basement membrane

A

Reticular Fibres

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26
Q

What is stroma?

A

Supporting framework

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27
Q

Connective TIssues Classification Chart

A

I. Embryonic connective tissue
A. Mesenchyme
B. Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue
II. Mature connective tissue
A. Connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue
a. Areolar connective tissue
b. Adipose tissue
c. Reticular connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue
a. Dense regular connective tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Elastic connective tissue
B. Supporting connective tissue
1. Cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
2. Bone tissue
a. Compact bone
b. Spongy bone
C. Liquid connective tissue
1. Blood
2. Lymph

28
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue

A
  • connective tissue present in the embryo or a fetus
  • composed of mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue
29
Q

Mature Connective Tissue

A
  • connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life

Comprised of:
A. Connective TIssue Proper
B. Supporting connective tissue
C. Liquid COnnective Tissue

30
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue
A. Mesenchyme Connective Tissue
B. Mucoid Connective Tissue

A

Primarily in the embryo (conception to 2months of pregnancy) and the fetus (3 montsh pregnancy to delivery)

31
Q

Mature Connective Tissue
A. Connective Tissue Proper

A

Flexible and has a viscous ground substance with abundant fibres

32
Q

Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose connective tissue proper

A

Fibres are loosely arranged between cells

a. Areolar connective tissues
b. adipose tissue
c. reticular connective tissue

33
Q
  1. Loose Connective Tissue Proper
    a. Areolar connective tissues
A
  • most widely distributed
  • fibres, cells embedded in semifluid ground substance
  • paccking material around nearly every body structure
  • gives strength, elasticity and support
34
Q

Loose connective tissue proper
b. Adipose tissue

A
  • adipocytes that store triglycerides as a large, central droplet
  • located everywhere areolar tissue is located
  • reduces heat loss, is an energy reserve, supports and protects organs

Brown Adipose tissue in newborns generates heat

  • source of stem cells
35
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Proper
C. Reticular Connective Tissue

A
  • fine interlacing network of reticular fibres (thirn collagen fibre) and reticular cells
  • located in stroma of liver, spleen and lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, around blood vessels and muscles
  • Forms stroma, bings smooth muscle tissue to cells, filters and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
36
Q

Connective Tissue Proper
2. Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • Contains more fibres that are thicker and more densely packed and have fewer cells than loose connective tissue
  1. dense regular connective tissue
  2. dense irregular connective tissue
  3. elastic connective tissue
37
Q

Mature Connecting Tissue
1. Connecting Tissue Proper
a. loose connective tissue
b. Dense connective tissue
i. dense regular connective tissue

A

shiny white extracellular matrix, mainly collegan arranged regularly in bundles with fibroblasts between them in rows

collagen fibres are non living, slow to heal

forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle or bone to bone) sheet like tendones

strong attachement between various structures, withstands tesion on long axis of fibres

38
Q

Dense Connective Tissue Proper
ii. dense irregular connective tissue

A

made up of collagen fibres but irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts

  • usually occurs in sheets 9 fasciae, reticular region of dermis, joint capsuble, membrane capsules
  • tensile strength in many directions
39
Q

Dense Connective Tissue Proper
ii. Elastic Connective Tissue

A

mostly elastic fibres with fibroblasts between them; unstained tissue is yellowish
- located in lungs, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchiol tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, some ligaments between vertebrae

  • allows stretching of various organs; strong and recoils
40
Q

II. Mature Connective Tissue
A. Connective Tissue Proper
i. Loose - areolar, adipose, and reticular
ii. Dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
B. Supporting Connective Tissue

A

Supporting connective tissue
1. Cartilage
2. Bone Tissue

41
Q

Mature Connective Tissue
B. Supporting Connective Tissue
i. Cartilage

A

Consists of a dense network of collagen fibres and elastic fibres firly embedded in chondroitin sulfate (gel like component of ground substance)

can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue

Resilience is due to chondroitin sulfate

Few cells, large extracellular matrix

No nerves or blood supply

42
Q

Lucanae

A

chondrocytes occur singly or in groups within spaces called lucanae

43
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense irregular connective tissu that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood and nerves and is source of new cartilage cells

44
Q

Cartilage is a precursor to:

A

Bone

45
Q

Where is cartilage found after birth in the body

A

growth plates

joints

46
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

a. hyaline
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic

47
Q

Two basic patterns of cartilage growth:

A
  1. Interstitial growth
  2. Appositional growth
48
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage

A

growth from with in the tissue

existing chondrocytes divide and also deposit increasing amount of extracellular matrix, which pushes the cells away from each other, causing tissue to grow rapidly

growth pattern when young and pliable

49
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage

A

when cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts. The chondroblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix and become chondrocytes

continues into adolescence

50
Q

II. Mature CT
A. CT Proper
i. Loose
II. dense
B. Supporting CT
i. Cartilage

A

Hyaline -

Fibrocartilage -

Elastice Cartilage -

51
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • resilient gel ground substance
  • appears bluish white in body
  • chondrocytes in lucanae surrounded by perichondrium
  • most abundant - ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, brochial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton
  • provides smooth surface for movement at joints, flexibility, and support
  • the weakest type

can be fractured

52
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

choncdrocytes amoung clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within extracellular matrix

  • no perichondrium
  • located in pubis symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, portions of tendons that insert into cartilage
  • support and join structures together
  • stength and rigidity make it strongest type of cartilage
53
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in a thread like network of elastic fibres within extracellular matrix

has perichondrium

  • epiglottis, auricle, eustachian tubes
  • strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures
54
Q

Supporting CT
i. Cartilage
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
ii. Bone Tissue

A

Bone (osseous tissue)
- compact
- spongy

-stores phosphorous and calcium
-houses red bone marrow
-contains yellow bone marrow (triglyceride storage)

55
Q

Bone Tissue
i. Compact Bone

A

Osteon or haversion system is the basic unit of compact bone

56
Q

Osteon (Haversion System) contains 4 parts

A
  1. Lamellae
  2. Lucanae
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central Canal
57
Q

Haversion System (Osteon)
1. Lamellae

A

“little plates”

concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts (compressive strength) and collagen fibres (tensile strength)

  • these are the cause of the nature of compact bones
58
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

59
Q

Canalculi

A

Project from lacunae, minute canal networks that contain the processes of osteocytes for nutritents and wastes to be transfered

60
Q

Central Canal of haversion system (aka haversion canal)

A

contains the blood vessels and nerves

61
Q

Bones
i. Compact
ii. Spongy

A

Trabeculae are basic units of spongy bone

Consist of:
- lamellae
- lacunae
- Osteocytes
- canaliculi

No central canal. Red bone marrow between trabeculae

62
Q

Supportive CT
A. Cartilage
B. Bones
C. Liquid CT

A

Blood tissue

Lymph

Extracellular matrix is a liquid

63
Q

Blood Tissue

A

Extracellular matrix is plasma - yellow mostly water fluid with disolved substances

Formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

64
Q

Lymph

A

Extrecellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels

consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid similar to blood plasma but with less protein

composition varies from one part of body to another

65
Q
A

Biol 235 (10 decks)

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