chapter 8 pt 1 Flashcards
Who paired noise (US) with a rabbit (CS) and made a child fear a Rabbit
John B. Watson
Betty notices that some of her daughters responses do not occur under a variety of stimuli. The process that produced this effect is called ____ which is the opposite of _____.
Discrimination training; generalization
Many advertisers routinely use ____
classical conditioning
Robert Rescorla produced a conditioned fear response in freezing rats. The S-S theory of classical conditioning. Most likely result is that _____ rats froze much less. Connection between the light and ____
habituated; the sound
John B Watson’s theory of classical conditioning involved learning a ____. Pavlovs involved learning a ____
stimulus response; Stimulus- stimulus
Discrimination training can be used to assess an animals sensory capabilities because an animal can
be trained to respond to one stimulus and not the other
After many mornings of drinking caffeinated coffee to wake up, Donald feels awake at just the smell due to coffee brewing. its ____
conditioned response
A person will automatically blink in response to a puff of air… if pickle is spoken whats the example.
classical conditioning.
Michelle was bitten by her roommates black cat. she fears things that look similar its called
generalization
Joe participated in a study on classical conditioning that used words as conditioned stimuli. based on what you know about ___ study what can you predict.
Gregory Razran’s Generalization for words with similar meanings rather features.
which term refers to changes in the strength of liking or disliking of a stimulus as result of being paired with another positive or negative stimulus?
evaluative conditioning.
An addicts best hope for overcoming a long-term addiction may be to :
move permanently to an entirely new environment
If one says a dog salivates to the sound of bell. They are using a ____ theory of classical conditioning
S-S
In one of Pavlov’s experiments, a dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. In this case, the bell was a(n) _____ and the salivation it elicited was a(n) _____ response.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned.
Which principle helps to explain the finding that a conditioned response is often quite different from the unconditioned response?
expectancy theory.
Alisha is trying to train her cat to salivate to a bell by presenting the bell after the food. Will this work?
No
The _____ must signal heightened probability of occurrence of the _____ for classical conditioning to take place.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus.
When Lori finally looks at the clock and realizes that it is already past the time that she normally eats dinner, she begins to feel much hungrier than she did before she knew the time. Feeling hungrier after checking the time is an example of _____ and can be explained in terms of classical conditioning.
the appetizer effect.
He notices that he tends to eat more of his main course if he eats chips beforehand. This is an example of the _____ effect.
appetizer
If you happen to look up at a clock and notice it is dinnertime and you start to feel hungry, you have demonstrated the _____ effect.
appetizer
After classical conditioning has taken place, a learner can be trained not to generalize to other stimuli through a procedure known as:
discrimination training
Vasudharini regularly takes a prescription painkiller. She recently had to increase the dose to get the same effects. Vasudharini is experiencing drug _____,
tolerance
According to cognitive theorists, S-S classical conditioning can best be understood as a stimulus-stimulus relationship mediated by:
learned expectancy
Jay never laughs except when tickled, so his dad begins tickling Jay every time he sees him. Pretty soon Jay begins to laugh every time he sees his dad, even before his dad tickles him. Jay has learned to associate his dad with tickling through the process of:
classical conditioning
The ability to show the same response to new stimuli that resembles the original conditioned stimulus is known as:
generalization
If generalization occurs and is unwanted, _____ can be used to reduce it.
discrimination training
One of the main ideas associated with behaviorism is that:
observable actions are the only things that psychologists should study.
They have gotten to know each other so well that they can predict what the other will do based on their behavior. This is most relevant to the _____ theory of _____.
expectancy; classical conditioning.
Jenny noticed that the tub did not feel as hot after a few minutes of sitting in the water. The decline in this feeling in response to the constant heat stimulus is known as _____, which is a type of _____ sequence.
habituation; stimulus-response.
What is defined as any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time?
learning.
_____ refers to the decline in physiological and behavioral effects that occur with some drugs when they are taken repeatedly.
drug tolerance
Suppose that a rat is conditioned to freeze in place with an unconditioned fear-provoking stimulus after a light is presented. What situation would most likely extinguish the response?
consistent presentation of the light without
How does drug tolerance relate to an “overdose”?
Drug tolerance builds up in conditioned settings
When rats get sick several hours after eating a certain food, they:
subsequently avoid foods that taste and smell like that particular food,
Sally is a psychologist who is not concerned with the brain or the mind. Thus, she likely favors _____ theory and is probably a(n) _____.
stimulus-response theory; behaviorist.
The technique in classical conditioning that has been used to study an animal’s sensory capacities is:
discrimination training
Tiffany is working on her PhD in clinical psychology with a specialization in phobias. It would give her a historical appreciation of this area if she were familiar with _____ conducted by _____.
the Little Albert study; John B. Watson.
John B. Watson argued that only a sudden loud sound and a sudden loss of support are unconditioned stimuli for fear in human infants.
Through classical conditioning
The _____ must signal heightened probability of occurrence of the _____ for classical conditioning to take place.
conditioned stimulus: unconditioned stimulus
In Ivan Pavlov’s study, the dogs’ salivation in response to the bell is known as a(n):
conditioned response.
Support for the expectancy theory of classical conditioning comes from research showing that conditioning occurs only, or at least mainly, when the new stimulus provides information that truly helps the animal predict the arrival of:
unconditioned stimulus
the bell was a(n) _____ and the salivation it elicited was a(n) _____ response.
conditioned stimulus: conditioned
is that it will not take place if the unpleasant physiological responses to the food occur _____ eating it.
immediately after
Habituation _____ stimulus-response sequence, whereas classical conditioning _____ stimulus-response sequence
weakens an existing; produces a new.
. Why is it that counteractive responses to morphine (increased sensitivity to pain) can become conditioned, but the direct effect of the drug (pain reduction) cannot?
The direct effect of morphine is not a reflex, but the counteractive effects are reflexes.
Then he again tested the rats with the signal light. Which of these results supports the S-S theory that the light stimulus represents a mental representation in the rats’ mind of the loud noise and therefore elicits the conditioned freezing response?
The rats did not continue to freeze in response to the light.
The rat seems to show a conditioned response to the light, but when the bell is presented without the original light stimulus, the rat does not show any signs of expecting any cheese. This phenomenon is referred to as:
blocking effect
generalization is best identified with the experiment involving:
the salivating dogs of pavlov
Because of ____ Maria has relapsed after successfully kicking her drug addiction in the treatment center
All of the above
Sally is a veteran. feeling happy in response to the uniform would be called a ___ by Ivan pavlov
conditioned response
in an experiment conducted by greg lemon juice was squirted into the mouth. The finding of this study demonstrated
the meaning of a stimulus
“I think mental processes are too obscure to be studied scientifically.” your friend likely agrees with
John B. Watson
which principle helps to explain the finding that a conditioned response is often quite different from the unconditioned response?
expectancy theory
A dog wags his tail. This Is an example of
discrimination
Classical conditioning occurs best when the conditioned stimulus, and it typically does not occur at all if the conditioned stimulus comes slightly after the unconditioned stimulus. this observation supports which theory of classical conditioning?
cognitive theory
Watson and Rayners experiement on little Albert demonstrated that human emotional responses ____ conditioned.
can be classically
Pavlovs theory that is learned in classical conditioning
differs from Watsons in that pavlov believed a connection
Ryan is a psychologist who likes to explain relationship between reflexive response and the environmental stimulus without using the brain or mind. this sounds very similar to using the ____ theory
stimulus-response
Julia immediately becomes hungry upon hearing this bell. The phenomenon is known as the ____ effect, and the bell functional as a _____
appetizer, conditioned stimulus
regarding the effects of drugs the ____ reaction tends to counteract the direct effect
compensatory