Chapter 8 - Feeding & Eating and Sleep & Wake Disorders Flashcards
what percentage of Canadian’s aged 15+ are currently diagnosed with an eating disorder?
0.4%
at what age does anorexia nervosa typically develop?
early to late adolescence, between the ages of 12 and 18 (usually around first menstrual period)
who’s at a greater risk for developing an eating disorder?
competitive activities that emphasize endurance, aesthetics, and weight levels put athletes at risk for developing an eating disorder
what are the subtypes of anorexia nervosa?
bing eating/purging: self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
restrictive: weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise
what are the medical complications of anorexia nervosa?
- approximately 10% will die within 10 years of receiving a diagnosis
- amenorrhea
- osteoporosis
- dry, cracking skin
- fine, downy hair
- heart irregularities, hypotension, dizziness, blackouts
- constipation, abdominal pain, and obstruction or paralysis of the bowels or intestines
what is bulimia nervosa accompanied by?
persistent overconcern with body weight and shape
what is the age of onset for bulimia nervosa?
late teens
what are the characteristics of a bulimic binge?
- occurs in secret
- usually lasts fro 30 to 60 minutes
- binge eaters feel they lack control
- may consume 5000 to 10 000 calories at a time
- continues until the binger is exhausted, suffers painful stomach distention, induces vomiting, or runs out of food
what are the medical complications of bulimia nervosa?
- decay of tooth enamel and dental cavities due to vomiting
- pancreatitis
- potassium deficiency, producing muscular weakness, cardiac irregularities, sudden death
- bloody diarrhea and laxative dependancy
what are the sociocultural factors associated with the development of eating disorders?
- culture
- the media
what are the psychosocial factors associated with the development of eating disorders?
- perfectionistic attitudes
- body dissatisfaction
- psychological problems and low self-esteem
- rigid behaviour
- control and independence
what are the family factors associated with the development of eating disorders?
systems perspective
what are the biological factors associated with the development of eating disorders?
- serotonin and dopamine (related to binging)
- genetics
what are the different treatment options for people with eating disorders?
- hospitalization (especially with anorexia)
- cognitive analytic therapy
- behaviour therapy
- family therapy
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- interpersonal psychotherapy
what are the eating problems that can occur in infancy and early childhood?
- pica: consumption of things that aren’t food
- rumination disorder: regurgitation and re-eating
- feeding disorder: not consuming enough calories for development
- Prader-Willi syndrome: from under-eating to over-eating
- cyclic vomiting syndrome: both psychological and physiological
what are the eating problems that can occur in adolescents and adulthood?
- anorexia athletica: compulsive exercise
- muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia): desire to be more muscular
- orthexia nervosa: quality of food is important (healthy food only)
- night-eating syndrome: majority of calories are consumed at night
- nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder: eating while sleeping
- gourmand syndrome: obsessed with gourmet food to the point that it impacts daily life
what is the age of onset for binge-eating disorder?
30-40 years of age
what are the characteristics of binge-eating disorder?
- many individuals are either overweight or obese
- depression
- body dissatisfaction
- dieting
- weight-related teasing
how many people aged 15+ suffer from insomnia in Canada?
3.3 million, or 6-10%
what are the risk factors associated with insomnia?
- high levels of life stress
- shift work
- heavy drinking or cannabis use
- obesity
- being divorced, separated, or widowed
- being female
- lower levels of education and income
what are the cognitive effects of insomnia?
sleep deprived brain is less able to concentrate, pay attention, respond quickly, solve problems, and remember recently acquired information
what are the effects of breathing-related sleep disorders?
- excessive daytime sleepiness
- impaired intellectual and memory functioning
- depression
- accidents at work and on the road
- increased risk of high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes, cancer, and even sudden death
what can cause circadian rhythm sleep disorders?
- frequent changes of time zones and changes of work shifts
what is the prevalence of nightmare disorder in adults?
1-2%
what is the prevalence of sleep terrors in adults? in 18 month old children? in 30 month old children?
adults: 2.2%
18 month olds: 36.9%
30 month olds: 19.7%
what are the physical characteristics of sleep terrors?
- profuse sweating with rapid heartbeat
- child may be sitting up, appear frightened, and show signs of extreme arousal
- child may start talking incoherently or thrash about wildly but remain asleep
what is the prevalence of sleepwalking?
2-3% (more common in children)
when do episodes of sleepwalking tend to occur?
during the deeper stages of sleep
what is sleepwalking characterized by?
episodes in which the sleeper arises from bed and walks about while remaining fully asleep
what are the biological approaches treating to sleep-wake disorders?
- anxiolytics (drugs that help you stay asleep)
- psychostimulants for narcolepsy (stops you from falling asleep)
- medical assistive devices (CPAP) or surgery for sleep apnea
what are the psychological approaches to treating sleep-wake disorders?
cognitive behavioural therapy (stimulus control techniques and/or cognitive restructuring)
