chapter 1 vocabulary Flashcards
psychological disorders
disturbances of psychological functioning or behaviour associated with states of personal distress or impaired social, occupational, or interpersonal functioning
abnormal psychology
branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour
medical model
biological perspective in which abnormal behaviour is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness
demonological model
the model that explains abnormal behaviour in terms of supernatural forces
humours
four fluids in the body: phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile. Hippocrates believed the health of the body and mind depended on their balance
phlegmatic
slow and stolid
melancholia
state of severe depression
sanguine
cheerful
choleric
having or showing bad temper
moral therapy
a 19th century treatment philosophy emphasizing that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in a pleasant environment, not shackled in chains
phenothiazines
group of antipsychotic drugs or “major tranquilizers” used in the treatment of schizophrenia
deinstitutionalization
practice of discharging large numbers of hospitalized mental patients into the community and reducing the need for new admissions through the development of alternative treatment approaches such as halfway houses and crisis intervention services
dementia praecox
term used by Emil Kraepelin to describe the disorder we now call schizophrenia
psychodynamic model
theoretical model of Freud and his followers in which behaviour is viewed as the product of clashing forces within the personality
psychoanalytic theory
theoretical model of personality developed by Freud
id
the unconscious psychic structure present at birth. contains instinctual drives and is governed by the pleasure principle
pleasure principle
governing principle of the id, involving the demand for immediate gratification of instinctual needs
ego
the psychic structure corresponding to the concept of the self. Governed by the reality principle and is responsible for finding socially acceptable outlets for the urgings of the id. Characterized by the capacity to tolerate frustration and delay gratification
reality principle
governing principle of the ego that involves consideration of what is socially acceptable and practical in gratifying needs
secondary process thinking
the reality-based thinking processes and problem-solving activities of the ego
self
centre of consciousness that organizes sensory impressions and governs one’s perceptions of the world
superego
the psychic structure that represents the incorporation of the moral values of parents and important others and floods the ego with guilt and shame when it falls short of meeting those standards. governed by the moral principle and consists of two parts: the conscience and the ego ideal
moral principle
governs the superego to set moral standards and enforce adherence to them
behaviourism
school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable or overt behaviour and focuses on investigating the relationship between stimuli and responses
primary reinforcers
natural reinforcers or stimuli that have reinforcement value without learning (water, food, warmth, relief from pain)
secondary reinforcements
stimuli that gain reinforcement value through their association with established reinforcers (money and social approval)
behaviour therapy
a learning-based model of therapy
social-cognitive theory
a broader view of learning theory that emphasizes both situational determinants of behaviour (reinforcements and punishments) and cognitive factors (expectancies, values, beliefs, etc.)
reciprocal determinism
the ongoing process of two-way interactions among personal factors (cognitive abilities), behaviours (skills, talents, habits, interpersonal relations), and environmental factors
downward drift hypothesis
belief that people with psychological problems may drift downward in socioeconomic status
diathesis-stress model
model of abnormal behaviour positing that abnormal behaviour patterns involve the interaction of genetic and environmental influences
diathesis
a predisposition or vulnerability
biopsychosocial model
a conceptual model emphasizing that human behaviour is linked to complex interactions among biological. psychological, and sociocultural factors
