chapter 1 vocabulary

Question 1

psychological disorders

Answer 1

disturbances of psychological functioning or behaviour associated with states of personal distress or impaired social, occupational, or interpersonal functioning

Question 2

abnormal psychology

Answer 2

branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behaviour

Question 3

medical model

Answer 3

biological perspective in which abnormal behaviour is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness

Question 4

demonological model

Answer 4

the model that explains abnormal behaviour in terms of supernatural forces

Question 5

humours

Answer 5

four fluids in the body: phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile. Hippocrates believed the health of the body and mind depended on their balance

Question 6

phlegmatic

Answer 6

slow and stolid

Question 7

melancholia

Answer 7

state of severe depression

Question 8

sanguine

Answer 8

cheerful

Question 9

choleric

Answer 9

having or showing bad temper

Question 10

moral therapy

Answer 10

a 19th century treatment philosophy emphasizing that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in a pleasant environment, not shackled in chains

Question 11

phenothiazines

Answer 11

group of antipsychotic drugs or “major tranquilizers” used in the treatment of schizophrenia

Question 12

deinstitutionalization

Answer 12

practice of discharging large numbers of hospitalized mental patients into the community and reducing the need for new admissions through the development of alternative treatment approaches such as halfway houses and crisis intervention services

Question 13

dementia praecox

Answer 13

term used by Emil Kraepelin to describe the disorder we now call schizophrenia

Question 14

psychodynamic model

Answer 14

theoretical model of Freud and his followers in which behaviour is viewed as the product of clashing forces within the personality

Question 15

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 15

theoretical model of personality developed by Freud

Question 16

id

Answer 16

the unconscious psychic structure present at birth. contains instinctual drives and is governed by the pleasure principle

Question 17

pleasure principle

Answer 17

governing principle of the id, involving the demand for immediate gratification of instinctual needs

Question 18

ego

Answer 18

the psychic structure corresponding to the concept of the self. Governed by the reality principle and is responsible for finding socially acceptable outlets for the urgings of the id. Characterized by the capacity to tolerate frustration and delay gratification

Question 19

reality principle

Answer 19

governing principle of the ego that involves consideration of what is socially acceptable and practical in gratifying needs

Question 20

secondary process thinking

Answer 20

the reality-based thinking processes and problem-solving activities of the ego

Question 21

self

Answer 21

centre of consciousness that organizes sensory impressions and governs one’s perceptions of the world

Question 22

superego

Answer 22

the psychic structure that represents the incorporation of the moral values of parents and important others and floods the ego with guilt and shame when it falls short of meeting those standards. governed by the moral principle and consists of two parts: the conscience and the ego ideal

Question 23

moral principle

Answer 23

governs the superego to set moral standards and enforce adherence to them

Question 24

behaviourism

Answer 24

school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable or overt behaviour and focuses on investigating the relationship between stimuli and responses

Question 25

primary reinforcers

Answer 25

natural reinforcers or stimuli that have reinforcement value without learning (water, food, warmth, relief from pain)

Question 26

secondary reinforcements

Answer 26

stimuli that gain reinforcement value through their association with established reinforcers (money and social approval)

Question 27

behaviour therapy

Answer 27

a learning-based model of therapy

Question 28

social-cognitive theory

Answer 28

a broader view of learning theory that emphasizes both situational determinants of behaviour (reinforcements and punishments) and cognitive factors (expectancies, values, beliefs, etc.)

Question 29

reciprocal determinism

Answer 29

the ongoing process of two-way interactions among personal factors (cognitive abilities), behaviours (skills, talents, habits, interpersonal relations), and environmental factors

Question 30

downward drift hypothesis

Answer 30

belief that people with psychological problems may drift downward in socioeconomic status

Question 31

diathesis-stress model

Answer 31

model of abnormal behaviour positing that abnormal behaviour patterns involve the interaction of genetic and environmental influences

Question 32

diathesis

Answer 32

a predisposition or vulnerability

Question 33

biopsychosocial model

Answer 33

a conceptual model emphasizing that human behaviour is linked to complex interactions among biological. psychological, and sociocultural factors