Chapter 10 Vocabulary Flashcards
schizophrenia
a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by acute episodes involving a break with reality, as manifested by such features as delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech, and bizarre behaviour
four A’s
in Bleuler’s view, the primary characteristics on schizophrenia: loose associations, blunted or inappropriate affect, ambivalence, and autism
looseness of association
ideas are strung together with little or no relationships among them
affects
the behavioural expression of emotion
first-rank symptoms
in Kurt Schneider’s view, the primary features of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, that distinctly characterize the disorder
second-rank symptoms
in Kurt Schneider’s view, symptoms associated with schizophrenia that also occur in other psychological disorders
prodromal phase
(1) stage in which the early features or signs of a disorder become apparent
(2) in schizophrenia, the period of decline in functioning that precedes the development of the first acute psychotic episode
acute phase
in schizophrenia, the phase in which psychotic symptoms develop, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behaviour
residual phase
in schizophrenia, the phase of the disorder that follows the acute phase, characterized by a return to a level of functioning typical of the prodromal phase
thought disorder
disturbances in thinking characterized by various features, especially a breakdown in logical associations between thoughts
neologisms
type of disturbed thinking associated with schizophrenia involving the coining of new words
perseveration
persistent repetition of the same thought or train of thought
clanging
in people with schizophrenia, the tendency to string words together because they rhyme or sound alike
blocking
(1) disruption of self-expression of threatening or emotionally laden material
(2) in people with schizophrenia, a condition of suddenly becoming silent with loss of memory for what they have just discussed
catatonia
gross disturbances in motor activity and cognitive functioning
stupor
state of relative or complete unconsciousness in which a person is not generally aware of or responsive to the environment, as in catatonic stupor
waxy flexibility
feature of catatonia involving adopting a fixed posture into which people with schizophrenia have been positioned by others
positive symptoms
the more flagrant features of schizophrenia characterized by the presence of abnormal behaviour, such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized speech, and disorganized behaviour
negative symptoms
features of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of normal behaviour. Negative symptoms are deficits or behavioural deficiencies, such as social-skills deficits, social withdrawal, flattened affect, poverty of speech and thought, psychomotor retardation, or failure to experience pleasure in pleasant activities
blunted affect
significant reduction in emotional expression
flat affect
absence of emotional expression
cross-fostering study
method of determining heritability of a trait or disorder by examining differences in prevalence among adoptees reared by either adoptive parents or biological parents who possessed the trait of disorder in question. evidence that the disorder followed biological rather than adoptive parentage favours the heritability of the trait or disorder
dopamine theory
biochemical theory of schizophrenia that proposes schizophrenia involves the action of dopamine
hippocampus
one of a pair of structures in the limbic system involved in processes of memory
amygdala
one of a pair of structures in the limbic system involved in emotion and memory
schizophrenogenic mother
type of mother, described as cold but also overprotective, who was believed to be capable of causing schizophrenia in her children. research has failed to support the validity of this concept
double-bind communications
pattern of communication involving the transmission of contradictory or mixed messages without acknowledgement of the inherent conflict; posited by some theorists to play a role in the development of schizophrenia
expressed emotion
a form of disturbed family communication in which family members of the individual with schizophrenia have a tendency to be hostile, critical, and unsupportive
tardive dyskinesia
movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, trunk, or extremities caused by long-term use of antipsychotic medications
