Chapter 10 Vocabulary

Question 1

schizophrenia

Answer 1

a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by acute episodes involving a break with reality, as manifested by such features as delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech, and bizarre behaviour

Question 2

four A’s

Answer 2

in Bleuler’s view, the primary characteristics on schizophrenia: loose associations, blunted or inappropriate affect, ambivalence, and autism

Question 3

looseness of association

Answer 3

ideas are strung together with little or no relationships among them

Question 4

affects

Answer 4

the behavioural expression of emotion

Question 5

first-rank symptoms

Answer 5

in Kurt Schneider’s view, the primary features of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, that distinctly characterize the disorder

Question 6

second-rank symptoms

Answer 6

in Kurt Schneider’s view, symptoms associated with schizophrenia that also occur in other psychological disorders

Question 7

prodromal phase

Answer 7

(1) stage in which the early features or signs of a disorder become apparent
(2) in schizophrenia, the period of decline in functioning that precedes the development of the first acute psychotic episode

Question 8

acute phase

Answer 8

in schizophrenia, the phase in which psychotic symptoms develop, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behaviour

Question 9

residual phase

Answer 9

in schizophrenia, the phase of the disorder that follows the acute phase, characterized by a return to a level of functioning typical of the prodromal phase

Question 10

thought disorder

Answer 10

disturbances in thinking characterized by various features, especially a breakdown in logical associations between thoughts

Question 11

neologisms

Answer 11

type of disturbed thinking associated with schizophrenia involving the coining of new words

Question 12

perseveration

Answer 12

persistent repetition of the same thought or train of thought

Question 13

clanging

Answer 13

in people with schizophrenia, the tendency to string words together because they rhyme or sound alike

Question 14

blocking

Answer 14

(1) disruption of self-expression of threatening or emotionally laden material
(2) in people with schizophrenia, a condition of suddenly becoming silent with loss of memory for what they have just discussed

Question 15

catatonia

Answer 15

gross disturbances in motor activity and cognitive functioning

Question 16

stupor

Answer 16

state of relative or complete unconsciousness in which a person is not generally aware of or responsive to the environment, as in catatonic stupor

Question 17

waxy flexibility

Answer 17

feature of catatonia involving adopting a fixed posture into which people with schizophrenia have been positioned by others

Question 18

positive symptoms

Answer 18

the more flagrant features of schizophrenia characterized by the presence of abnormal behaviour, such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized speech, and disorganized behaviour

Question 19

negative symptoms

Answer 19

features of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of normal behaviour. Negative symptoms are deficits or behavioural deficiencies, such as social-skills deficits, social withdrawal, flattened affect, poverty of speech and thought, psychomotor retardation, or failure to experience pleasure in pleasant activities

Question 20

blunted affect

Answer 20

significant reduction in emotional expression

Question 21

flat affect

Answer 21

absence of emotional expression

Question 22

cross-fostering study

Answer 22

method of determining heritability of a trait or disorder by examining differences in prevalence among adoptees reared by either adoptive parents or biological parents who possessed the trait of disorder in question. evidence that the disorder followed biological rather than adoptive parentage favours the heritability of the trait or disorder

Question 23

dopamine theory

Answer 23

biochemical theory of schizophrenia that proposes schizophrenia involves the action of dopamine

Question 24

hippocampus

Answer 24

one of a pair of structures in the limbic system involved in processes of memory

Question 25

amygdala

Answer 25

one of a pair of structures in the limbic system involved in emotion and memory

Question 26

schizophrenogenic mother

Answer 26

type of mother, described as cold but also overprotective, who was believed to be capable of causing schizophrenia in her children. research has failed to support the validity of this concept

Question 27

double-bind communications

Answer 27

pattern of communication involving the transmission of contradictory or mixed messages without acknowledgement of the inherent conflict; posited by some theorists to play a role in the development of schizophrenia

Question 28

expressed emotion

Answer 28

a form of disturbed family communication in which family members of the individual with schizophrenia have a tendency to be hostile, critical, and unsupportive

Question 29

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 29

movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, trunk, or extremities caused by long-term use of antipsychotic medications