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PSY 223 > Chapter 11 - Abnormal Behaviour Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Abnormal Behaviour Across the Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of people over the age of 65 are diagnosed with psychological disorders?

A

10-20%

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2
Q

what percentage of Canadian children will develop a mental disorder?

A

10-20%

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3
Q

what are the four most common categories of mental disorders in children?

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • conduct disorders
  • ADHD
  • depressive disorders
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4
Q

what percentage of high school students report moderate to serious anxiety and depressive symptoms?

A

34%

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5
Q

what percentage of high school students have had serious suicidal thoughts?

A

12%

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6
Q

what are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

disorders that begin in the developmental period

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7
Q

when do neurodevelopmental disorders generally become evident?

A

in the first few years of life

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8
Q

what are neurodevelopmental disorders associated with?

A

personal, social, or academic impairments

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9
Q

when does autism spectrum disorder usually become evident?

A

in toddlers between 12 and 18 months of age

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10
Q

what are the behavioural deficits present in autism spectrum disorder? (6)

A
  • social communication
  • social interactions
  • restricted or fixated interests
  • repetitive behaviours
  • inflexible adherence to routines
  • hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input
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11
Q

what is the cognitive-behavioural perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

perceptual deficits that limit them to processing only one stimulus at a time

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12
Q

what are the cognitive theories of neurodevelopmental disorders? (2)

A
  • perceptual and cognitive deficits diminish the capacity to comprehend and apply social rules
  • theory of mind hypothesis
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13
Q

what are the biological perspectives of neurodevelopmental disorders? (2)

A
  • neurodevelopmental deficits

- genetics

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14
Q

what are the treatment options for neurodevelopmental disorders? (4)

A
  • early intensive behavioural intervention
  • behavioural, speech, and occupational therapy
  • antipsychotic medication
  • interactive computer programs
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15
Q

is there a cure for autism spectrum disorder?

A

no

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16
Q

what are the 3 criteria used in the DSM-5 for diagnosing intellectual disability?

A
  • deficits in intellectual functions as indicated by clinicians and standardized testing
  • evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive behaviour
  • onset of the disorder in the developmental period
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17
Q

what are the 4 classifications of developmental delay?

A
  • mild (IQ 55-70)
  • moderate (IQ 40-55)
  • severe (IQ 25-40)
  • profound (IQ below 25)
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18
Q

what are the biological causes of intellectual disability? (4)

A
  • chromosomal and genetic disorders
  • infectious diseases
  • brain damage
  • spontaneous mutilations in paternal sperm or maternal egg cell
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19
Q

what is down syndrome?

A

chromosomal abnormality involving an extra chromosome on the 21st pair (trisomy 21)

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20
Q

what is down syndrome characterized by?

A

intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities

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21
Q

what is the prevalence of down syndrome?

A

1 in 800 births

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22
Q

what are the features of down syndrome? (5)

A
  • round face; broad, flat nose; and small, downward sloping folds of skin at the inside corners of the eyes
  • protruding tongue; small, squarish hands and short fingers; small arms and legs in relation to their bodies
  • intellectual disability
  • heart defects
  • death in midlife
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23
Q

what causes fragile X syndrome?

A

mutated gene on the X sex chromosome

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24
Q

what is the prevalence of fragile X syndrome?

A

1 in 4000 males and 1 in 8000 females

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25
Q

what are the characteristics of fragile X syndrome?

A

mild to profound learning disabilities

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26
Q

what is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

genetic disorder that prevents the metabolization of phenylpyruvic acid

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of phenylketonuria? (3)

A
  • causes damage to the central nervous system
  • intellectual disability
  • emotional disturbance
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28
Q

what causes Tay-Sachs disease?

A

recessive gene on chromosome 15 (disease of lipid metabolism)

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of Tay Sachs disease? (5)

A
  • gradual loss of muscle control
  • deafness and blindness
  • intellectual disability
  • paralysis
  • usually die before the age of 5
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30
Q

what are the prenatal factors associated with intellectual disability? (2)

A
  • maternal infections (rubella and CMV)

- substance abuse during pregnancy (FAS)

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31
Q

what are the characteristics of cultural/familial intellectual disability? (3)

A
  • milder form of intellectual disability
  • results from impoverishment in the child’s home environment
  • lack toys, books, or opportunities to interact with adults in intellectually stimulating ways
32
Q

what are the types of interventions for children with intellectual disabilities? (3)

A
  • integrated classrooms
  • behavioural approaches (verbal instructions, physical guidance and reward, and social-skills training)
  • psychological counselling
33
Q

how does the DSM-5 classify specific learning disorder?

A

a single disorder with 3 subtypes

34
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of specific learning disorder?

A
  • impairment in mathematics
  • impairment in written expression
  • impairment in reading
35
Q

what is the prevalence of specific learning disorders in Canadian children ages 5-14 years?

A

4.1% of boys and 2.2% of girls

36
Q

what are the characteristics of dyslexia? (3)

A
  • impaired reading ability
  • children may read slowly, distort, omit, or substitute words when reading aloud
  • trouble decoding letters
37
Q

what is the prevalence of dyslexia?

A

accounts for 80% of learning disability cases

38
Q

what is an impairment in mathematics characterized by?

A

difficulty understanding basic mathematical terms or operations (addition or subtraction, decoding mathematical symbols, and learning sequential facts such as multiplication tables)

39
Q

what are the characteristics of impairment in written expression? (3)

A
  • dysgraphia
  • errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation
  • difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs
40
Q

what is an individual education plan?

A

document that contains learning and behavioural outcomes for a student, with a description of how outcomes will be achieved and evaluated

41
Q

what are the key features of ADHD? (2)

A
  • neurodevelopmental disorder

- characterized by excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and/or an inability to focus one’s attention

42
Q

what are the three subtypes of ADHD?

A
  • predominantly inattentive type
  • predominantly hyperactive or impulsive type
  • combination type characterized by high levels of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
43
Q

what is the prevalence of ADHD in children aged 6-14?

A

5-10%

44
Q

what are the characteristics of inattention? (4)

A
  • difficulty following instructions
  • difficulty organizing and completing tasks
  • forgetful and loses things
  • easily distracted
45
Q

what are the characteristics of hyperactivity and impulsivity? (4)

A
  • fidgets or taps hands and feet
  • leaves seat or runs around
  • talks excessively, blurts out or interrupts
  • difficulty waiting for their turn
46
Q

what are the genetic and environmental perspectives of ADHD? (3)

A
  • abnormalities in the areas of the brain involved in regulating the processes of attention, inhibition of motor behaviour, and executive control
  • prenatal exposure to smoking
  • lead exposure in children
47
Q

what are the treatment options for ADHD? (4)

A
  • stimulants (ritalin and concerta), which improve attention and reduces impulsivity, overactivity, and disruptive behaviour
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
  • behavioural modification (reinforcement)
  • cognitive modification (self talk through steps)
48
Q

what are the characteristics of conduct disorder? (2)

A
  • intentional patterns of antisocial behaviour that violates social norms and the rights of others
  • do not experience guilt or remorse
49
Q

what is the prevalence of conduct disorder?

A

4.2% of Canadian children and youth

50
Q

what are the four categories of behaviours in conduct disorder?

A
  • aggressive to people and animals
  • destruction of property
  • deceitfulness or theft
  • serious violation of rules
51
Q

what is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) characterized by?

A

excessive oppositionality or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others

52
Q

what are the three categories of behaviours in ODD?

A
  • angry/irritable mood
  • argumentative
  • defiant behaviour and vindictiveness
53
Q

what is the prevalence of ODD?

A

6-12% of school aged children

54
Q

what are the family and parenting factors associated with disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders? (3)

A
  • lack of positive reinforcement for appropriate behaviour
  • harsh and inconsistent discipline for misbehaviour
  • parental aggression
55
Q

what are the treatment options for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders? (2)

A
  • psychosocial interventions such as parent training, affect regulation, interpersonal and social-skills training, family therapy, and cognitive behavioural therapy
  • antipsychotic and stimulant drugs may be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour
56
Q

what are the characteristics of neurocognitive disorders? (2)

A
  • not psychologically based
  • brain is either damaged or impaired in its ability to function due to injury, illness, exposure to toxins, or use or abuse of psychoactive drugs
57
Q

what are the 3 types of neurocognitive disorders according to the DSM-5?

A
  • delirium
  • major neurocognitive disorders
  • mild neurocognitive disorders
58
Q

what is delirium?

A

a state of extreme mental confusion

59
Q

what are the characteristics of delirium? (3)

A
  • people have difficulty focusing their attention, speaking clearly and coherently
  • disorientation
  • hallucinations
60
Q

what are the causes of delirium? (2)

A
  • the result of abrupt withdrawal from psychoactive drugs, especially alcohol (younger patients)
  • a sign of a life-threatening medical condition (older patients)
61
Q

what is the prevalence of delirium?

A
  • 1-2% of the population

- 14% among people over the age of 85

62
Q

what are the treatment options for delirium? (3)

A
  • medication (neuroleptics)
  • environment changes
  • family support
63
Q

what is major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)?

A

profound decline or deterioration in mental functioning

64
Q

what is dementia characterized by? (2)

A
  • significant impairment of memory, thinking processes, attention, and judgement
  • specific cognitive deficits
65
Q

what is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

degenerative brain disease that leads to progressive, irreversible dementia

66
Q

what is Alzheimer’s Disease characterized by?

A

memory loss and deterioration of other cognitive functions

67
Q

what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease? (5)

A
  • agitation
  • wandering
  • depression
  • aggressive behaviour
  • bewilderment and fear, which may lead to paranoid delusions of betrayal
68
Q

what are amyloid plaques?

A

accumulation of protein fragments, normally broken down in healthy brains. In AD, accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques between neurons

69
Q

what are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

pathological protein aggregates (or brain lesions) found within brain cells (in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Contributes to the degradation of neurons

70
Q

what does the depletion of acetylcholine contribute to?

A

significant memory deficits

71
Q

how is Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosed? (3)

A
  • memory tests
  • MRI brain scans to measure hippocampus size and measurement of amyloid proteins
  • PET brain scans to detect metabolic abnormalities in the brain
72
Q

what are the symptoms that occur in the early stages of AD? (2)

A
  • memory problems and subtle personality changes
  • trouble with finances, remembering recent events, basic information such as phone numbers, area codes, postal codes, and names
73
Q

what are the characteristics of moderately severe AD? (6)

A
  • people require assistance
  • difficulties in toileting and bathing
  • errors in recognizing themselves in mirrors
  • difficulties in speaking full sentences
  • movement and coordination functions deteriorate
  • agitation becomes a prominent feature
74
Q

what are the symptoms of advanced AD? (5)

A
  • severe decline in cognitive functions
  • lose ability to speak or control body movements
  • require assistance in toileting and feeding
  • unable to communicate, walk, or sit up
  • seizures, coma, and death
75
Q

what are the causes of AD? (5)

A
  • build-up of amyloid plaques leads to inflammation, which damages sensitive networks of neurons involved in memory formation and memory storage
  • inflammation may be an autoimmune disease
  • genes linked to production of beta amyloid or to an abnormal build-up of plaques and tangles
  • environmental factors such as stress
  • alcohol use
76
Q

what are the treatment options for AD? (2)

A
  • donepezil (aricept) increases levels of acetylcholine

- antipsychotics for agitation and aggression

77
Q

what are the methods for possible prevention of AD? (4)

A
  • potential preventive effects of anti-inflammatories
  • cognitive activities (puzzles, newspapers, and word games)
  • regular exercise program
  • healthy diet low in animal fat and rich in vegetables and fish

PSY 223 (22 decks)

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