Chapter 11 Vocabulary Flashcards
autistic thinking
the tendency to view oneself as the centre of the universe, to believe that external events somehow refer to oneself
autism spectrum disorder
disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in the ability to relate to and communicate with others, and by a restricted range of activities and interests. Children with autism spectrum disorder lack the ability to relate to others and seem to live in their own private worlds
theory of mind
the ability to appreciate that other people have a mental state that is different from one’s own
lateralization
the developmental process by which the left hemisphere specializes in verbal and analytic functions and the right hemisphere specializes in nonverbal, spatial functions
down syndrome
condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality involving an extra chromosome on the 21st pair (trisomy 21); it is characterized by intellectual disability and various physical abnormalities
phenylketonuria
genetic disorder that prevents the metabolization of phenylpyruvic acid, leading to intellectual disability
Tay-Sachs disease
disease of lipid metabolism that is genetically transmitted and usually results in death in early childhood
cytomegalovirus
maternal disease of the herpes virus group that carries a risk of intellectual disability to the unborn child
cultural/familial intellectual disability
milder form of intellectual disability that is believed to result, or at least be influenced by, impoverishment in the child’s home environment
mainstreaming
the practice of having all students with disabilities included in the regular classroom
dyslexia
type of specific learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability that may involve difficulty with the alphabet or spelling
specific learning disorder
deficiency in a specific learning ability noteworthy because of the individual’s general intelligence and exposure to learning opportunities
individual learning plan
a contractual document that contains learning and behavioural outcomes for a student, a description of how the outcomes will be achieved, and a description of how the outcomes will be evaluated
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and/or an inability to focus one’s attention
hyperactivity
abnormal behaviour pattern found most often in young boys that is characterized by extreme restlessness and difficulty maintaining attention
conduct disorder
pattern of abnormal behaviour in childhood characterized by disruptive, antisocial behaviour
oppositional defiant disorder
disorder in childhood or adolescence characterized by excessive oppositionality or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others
time out
behavioural technique in which an individual who emits an undesirable behaviour is removed from an environment in which reinforcers are available and placed in an unreinforcing environment for a period of time as a form of punishment. Time out is frequently used in behavioural programs for modifying behaviour problems in children, in combination with positive reinforcement for desirable behaviour
separation anxiety disorder
childhood disorder characterized by extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom the child is dependent
dementia
profound deterioration of cognitive functioning, characterized by deficits in memory, thinking, judgement, and language use
amyloid plaques
the accumulation of protein fragments, normally broken down in healthy brains, that accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques between nerve cells in the brain. A hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease
neurofibrillary tangles
pathological protein aggregates (or brain lesions) found within brain cells (in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and thought to contribute to the degradation of neurons in the brain
