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PSY 223 > Chapter 7 - Substance and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Substance and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

according to an Ontario survey, what percentage of people aged 15+ had used marijuana and alcohol at some point in their life?

A

45% used marijuana at some point in their lives, and 79% had used alcohol

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2
Q

what percentage of people use hallucinogens?

A

11%

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3
Q

what percentage of people use cocaine?

A

11%

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4
Q

what percentage people use amphetamines?

A

6%

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5
Q

what percentage of people use MDMA (ecstasy)?

A

4%

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6
Q

what percentage of people use heroin?

A

1%

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7
Q

what percentage of the Canadian population (15+) are smokers?

A

15%

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8
Q

what are the signs of intoxication?

A
  • confusion
  • belligerence
  • impaired judgement
  • inattention
  • impaired motor and spatial skills
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9
Q

what are some common withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • dryness in the mouth
  • nausea or vomiting
  • weakness
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety and depression
  • headaches
  • insomnia
  • elevated blood pressure
  • fleeting hallucinations
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10
Q

what are the symptoms of withdrawal for a chronic alcoholic?

A
  • tachycardia
  • delirium tremens
  • delirium
  • disorientation
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11
Q

what is physiological dependence?

A

state of physical dependence on a drug in which the user’s body comes to depend on a steady supply of a substance

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12
Q

what is psychological dependence?

A

reliance on a substance, although one may not be physiologically dependent

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13
Q

what are the pathways to substance use disorder?

A
  1. experimentation: where it starts; control still intact
  2. routine use: challenges in daily life functioning due to substance use
  3. addiction or dependence: lengths an individual will go for the substance use severely challenges daily functioning
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14
Q

what are the effects of depressants?

A
  • reduces feelings of tension and anxiety
  • causes movements to be sluggish
  • impairs cognitive processes
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15
Q

what is the economic cost of alcoholism?

A

based on days lost from work, health problems associated with alcoholism, and costs resulting from motor vehicle accidents amounts to more than $14.6 billion annually

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16
Q

what are the risk factors for alcoholism?

A
  • gender
  • age
  • antisocial personality disorder
  • family history
  • sociodemographic factors
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17
Q

what are the physical risks associated with alcoholism?

A
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • cirrhosis of the liver
  • pancreatitis
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
  • fetal alcohol syndrome
18
Q

what are the effects of barbiturates?

A
  • drowsiness
  • slurred speech
  • motor impairment
  • irritability
  • poor judgement
19
Q

what are the natural opiates?

A

morphine, heroin, and codeine

20
Q

what are the synthetic opiates?

A

demerol, percodan, and fentynal

21
Q

what are the effects of high doses of amphetamines?

A
  • restlessness
  • irritability
  • hallucinations
  • paranoid delusions
  • loss of appetite
  • insomnia
22
Q

what is amphetamine psychosis?

A
  • psychotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamines

- mimics acute episodes of schizophrenia

23
Q

how does the rush from snorting cocaine differ from that of smoking crack?

A

the rush from snorting cocaine lingers whereas the rush from smoking crack is prompt and potent and wheres off in a few minutes

24
Q

what are the effects of cocaine?

A
  • increases the availability of dopamine in the brain

- produces a sudden rise in blood pressure, constricts blood vessels and accelerates the heart rate

25
Q

what are the symptoms of a cocaine overdose?

A
  • restlessness
  • insomnia
  • headaches
  • nausea
  • convulsions
  • tremors
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
26
Q

what are the effects of nicotine?

A
  • increased alertness

- stimulates the release of epinephrine and endorphins

27
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?

A
  • fatigue
  • depressed mood
  • irritability
  • impaired concentration
  • dizziness
  • drowsiness
  • headaches
  • irregular bowels
  • insomnia
  • lowered heart rate
  • heart palpitations
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
  • sweating
  • tremors
28
Q

what are the effects of LSD?

A
  • vivid parade of colours and visual distortions
  • “expands consciousness”
  • effects are unpredictable and depend on the amount taken as well as the user’s expectations, personality, mood, and surroundings
29
Q

what are the effects of phencyclidine (PCP)?

A
  • produces hallucinations
  • accelerates the heart rate and blood pressure
  • causes sweating, flushing, and numbness
  • dissociation is common
30
Q

what are the effects of marijuana?

A
  • produces relaxing feelings
  • increased awareness of bodily sensations
  • paranoia and psychotic symptoms
  • university students who are heavy users show evidence of cognitive impairment, including diminished ability in tasks requiring attention, abstraction, mental flexibility, and working memory
31
Q

examples of inhalants

A
  • adhesives
  • aerosols
  • anaesthetics
  • benzene
  • carbon dioxide
  • cleaning fluid
  • correction fluid
  • disinfectants
  • ether
  • fingernail polish
  • fuels
  • whiteboard markers
  • paint/paint removers
32
Q

what are the effects of inhalants?

A
  • induce feelings of intoxication and euphoria
  • impairments in learning and memory
  • increased risk of serious medical illness and even death
33
Q

what are the biological perspectives of substance use and addiction?

A
  • increased levels of dopamine and serotonin from drug use
  • reduced levels of endorphins after continued use
  • genetics
  • disease model
34
Q

what are the learning perspectives of substance use and addiction?

A
  • operant conditioning (learn to cope with withdrawal symptoms by using substances)
  • alcohol and tension reduction
  • negative reinforcement and withdrawal
  • the conditioning model of cravings
  • observational learning
35
Q

what are the cognitive perspectives of substance use and addiction?

A
  • attitudes and beliefs
  • outcome expectancies
  • decision making perspective (drug use impairs good decision making)
  • self-efficacy expectancies (states of euphoria increase our perceived ability to do things)
36
Q

what is the psychodynamic perspective of substance use and addiction?

A

view problems of substance abuse such as excessive drinking and habitual smoking as signs of an oral fixation

37
Q

what are the sociocultural perspectives of substance use and addiction?

A
  • cultural group and social factors

- peer pressure

38
Q

what are the biological approaches to treatment?

A
  • detoxification
  • disulfiram (antabuse)
  • nicotine replacement therapy
  • methadone maintenance programs (switch from a really harmful drug to another slightly less harmful drug; switching one addiction for another)
  • naloxone and naltrexone
39
Q

culturally sensitive treatment of substance use disorders

A
  • counsellors from a client’s own ethnic group
  • incorporating values and cultural beliefs
  • incorporate indigenous forms of healing
40
Q

what are some residential approaches to treatment?

A
  • hospital or therapeutic residence

- managed alcohol programs (MAPs)

41
Q

what the cognitive-behavioural approaches to treatment?

A
  • self-control strategies
  • social skills training (if it’s a social environment that leads to substance use)
  • cue-exposure training
  • aversive training
  • motivational enhancement therapy (MET)

PSY 223 (22 decks)

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