Chapter 7 - Substance and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
according to an Ontario survey, what percentage of people aged 15+ had used marijuana and alcohol at some point in their life?
45% used marijuana at some point in their lives, and 79% had used alcohol
what percentage of people use hallucinogens?
11%
what percentage of people use cocaine?
11%
what percentage people use amphetamines?
6%
what percentage of people use MDMA (ecstasy)?
4%
what percentage of people use heroin?
1%
what percentage of the Canadian population (15+) are smokers?
15%
what are the signs of intoxication?
- confusion
- belligerence
- impaired judgement
- inattention
- impaired motor and spatial skills
what are some common withdrawal symptoms?
- dryness in the mouth
- nausea or vomiting
- weakness
- tachycardia
- anxiety and depression
- headaches
- insomnia
- elevated blood pressure
- fleeting hallucinations
what are the symptoms of withdrawal for a chronic alcoholic?
- tachycardia
- delirium tremens
- delirium
- disorientation
what is physiological dependence?
state of physical dependence on a drug in which the user’s body comes to depend on a steady supply of a substance
what is psychological dependence?
reliance on a substance, although one may not be physiologically dependent
what are the pathways to substance use disorder?
- experimentation: where it starts; control still intact
- routine use: challenges in daily life functioning due to substance use
- addiction or dependence: lengths an individual will go for the substance use severely challenges daily functioning
what are the effects of depressants?
- reduces feelings of tension and anxiety
- causes movements to be sluggish
- impairs cognitive processes
what is the economic cost of alcoholism?
based on days lost from work, health problems associated with alcoholism, and costs resulting from motor vehicle accidents amounts to more than $14.6 billion annually
what are the risk factors for alcoholism?
- gender
- age
- antisocial personality disorder
- family history
- sociodemographic factors
what are the physical risks associated with alcoholism?
- cancer
- heart disease
- cirrhosis of the liver
- pancreatitis
- Korsakoff’s syndrome
- fetal alcohol syndrome
what are the effects of barbiturates?
- drowsiness
- slurred speech
- motor impairment
- irritability
- poor judgement
what are the natural opiates?
morphine, heroin, and codeine
what are the synthetic opiates?
demerol, percodan, and fentynal
what are the effects of high doses of amphetamines?
- restlessness
- irritability
- hallucinations
- paranoid delusions
- loss of appetite
- insomnia
what is amphetamine psychosis?
- psychotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamines
- mimics acute episodes of schizophrenia
how does the rush from snorting cocaine differ from that of smoking crack?
the rush from snorting cocaine lingers whereas the rush from smoking crack is prompt and potent and wheres off in a few minutes
what are the effects of cocaine?
- increases the availability of dopamine in the brain
- produces a sudden rise in blood pressure, constricts blood vessels and accelerates the heart rate
what are the symptoms of a cocaine overdose?
- restlessness
- insomnia
- headaches
- nausea
- convulsions
- tremors
- hallucinations
- delusions
what are the effects of nicotine?
- increased alertness
- stimulates the release of epinephrine and endorphins
what are the withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?
- fatigue
- depressed mood
- irritability
- impaired concentration
- dizziness
- drowsiness
- headaches
- irregular bowels
- insomnia
- lowered heart rate
- heart palpitations
- increased appetite
- weight gain
- sweating
- tremors
what are the effects of LSD?
- vivid parade of colours and visual distortions
- “expands consciousness”
- effects are unpredictable and depend on the amount taken as well as the user’s expectations, personality, mood, and surroundings
what are the effects of phencyclidine (PCP)?
- produces hallucinations
- accelerates the heart rate and blood pressure
- causes sweating, flushing, and numbness
- dissociation is common
what are the effects of marijuana?
- produces relaxing feelings
- increased awareness of bodily sensations
- paranoia and psychotic symptoms
- university students who are heavy users show evidence of cognitive impairment, including diminished ability in tasks requiring attention, abstraction, mental flexibility, and working memory
examples of inhalants
- adhesives
- aerosols
- anaesthetics
- benzene
- carbon dioxide
- cleaning fluid
- correction fluid
- disinfectants
- ether
- fingernail polish
- fuels
- whiteboard markers
- paint/paint removers
what are the effects of inhalants?
- induce feelings of intoxication and euphoria
- impairments in learning and memory
- increased risk of serious medical illness and even death
what are the biological perspectives of substance use and addiction?
- increased levels of dopamine and serotonin from drug use
- reduced levels of endorphins after continued use
- genetics
- disease model
what are the learning perspectives of substance use and addiction?
- operant conditioning (learn to cope with withdrawal symptoms by using substances)
- alcohol and tension reduction
- negative reinforcement and withdrawal
- the conditioning model of cravings
- observational learning
what are the cognitive perspectives of substance use and addiction?
- attitudes and beliefs
- outcome expectancies
- decision making perspective (drug use impairs good decision making)
- self-efficacy expectancies (states of euphoria increase our perceived ability to do things)
what is the psychodynamic perspective of substance use and addiction?
view problems of substance abuse such as excessive drinking and habitual smoking as signs of an oral fixation
what are the sociocultural perspectives of substance use and addiction?
- cultural group and social factors
- peer pressure
what are the biological approaches to treatment?
- detoxification
- disulfiram (antabuse)
- nicotine replacement therapy
- methadone maintenance programs (switch from a really harmful drug to another slightly less harmful drug; switching one addiction for another)
- naloxone and naltrexone
culturally sensitive treatment of substance use disorders
- counsellors from a client’s own ethnic group
- incorporating values and cultural beliefs
- incorporate indigenous forms of healing
what are some residential approaches to treatment?
- hospital or therapeutic residence
- managed alcohol programs (MAPs)
what the cognitive-behavioural approaches to treatment?
- self-control strategies
- social skills training (if it’s a social environment that leads to substance use)
- cue-exposure training
- aversive training
- motivational enhancement therapy (MET)
