Chapter 8: Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards
a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate
the study of energy in the human body
Bioenergetics
All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself
Metabolism
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise
Exercise metabolism
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another
First law of thermodynamics
Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate and fat
Macronutrients
intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
Substrates
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy
Glucose
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
Glycogen
the point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources
Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)
The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity
Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. They help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of these; saturated and unsaturated.
Fats
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body
Triglyceride
The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate
Free fatty acids
Amino acids links by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues
Protein
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine
essential amino acids (EAA)
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet
Nonessential amino acids
When calories intake is lower than the number of calories expended
Negative energy balance
The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids
Ketogenesis
Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate
Ketone bodies
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support
Ketosis
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form
Exogenous ketones
The inability of the cell to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance
Ketoacidosis
the physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction
Mechanical work
A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group top adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate
Phosphorylation
And energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10-15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism
ATP-PC system
process relating to the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen
Glycolysis
A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate
Oxidative phosphorylation
Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen
Aerobic
The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism
Deamination
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell
Mitochondria
A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle
Acetyl coenzyme A
The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation
Beta-oxidation
Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption
Steady-state aerobic exercise
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The total amount of energy expended in one day
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
One food calorie. Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree celsius
Kilocalorie (kcal)
The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
The calories expended through structured exercise or training
Exercise activity thermogenesis
The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structures exercise
Physical activity level (PAL)
