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NASM - CPT > Chapter 8: Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

a high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

the study of energy in the human body

A

Bioenergetics

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3
Q

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise

A

Exercise metabolism

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5
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another

A

First law of thermodynamics

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6
Q

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate and fat

A

Macronutrients

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7
Q

intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

A

Substrates

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8
Q

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

the point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources

A

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

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11
Q

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity

A

Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

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12
Q

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. They help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of these; saturated and unsaturated.

A

Fats

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13
Q

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body

A

Triglyceride

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14
Q

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate

A

Free fatty acids

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15
Q

Amino acids links by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues

A

Protein

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16
Q

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine

A

essential amino acids (EAA)

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17
Q

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet

A

Nonessential amino acids

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18
Q

When calories intake is lower than the number of calories expended

A

Negative energy balance

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19
Q

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)

A

Gluconeogenesis

20
Q

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids

A

Ketogenesis

21
Q

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate

A

Ketone bodies

22
Q

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support

A

Ketosis

23
Q

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form

A

Exogenous ketones

24
Q

The inability of the cell to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistance

25
Q

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance

A

Ketoacidosis

26
Q

the physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction

A

Mechanical work

27
Q

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

28
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group top adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate

A

Phosphorylation

29
Q

And energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10-15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism

A

ATP-PC system

30
Q

process relating to the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

31
Q

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen

A

Aerobic

34
Q

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism

A

Deamination

35
Q

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

A

Electron transport chain (ETC)

37
Q

Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

38
Q

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation

A

Beta-oxidation

39
Q

Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption

A

Steady-state aerobic exercise

40
Q

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

41
Q

The total amount of energy expended in one day

A

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

42
Q

One food calorie. Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree celsius

A

Kilocalorie (kcal)

43
Q

The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

44
Q

The calories expended through structured exercise or training

A

Exercise activity thermogenesis

45
Q

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed

A

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

46
Q

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs

A

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

47
Q

The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structures exercise

A

Physical activity level (PAL)

NASM - CPT (20 decks)

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