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NASM - CPT > Chapter 5: The Nervous, Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Nervous, Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal and nervous systems

A

Human Movement System (HMS)

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2
Q

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

A

Kinetic Chain

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3
Q

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

A

Nervous System

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4
Q

A specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Organelles

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the power houses of the cell

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8
Q

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response

A

Effector sites

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9
Q

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium

A

Electrolytes

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10
Q

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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11
Q

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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12
Q

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system

A

Afferent Pathway

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13
Q

Nuerons are composed with these 3 main parts:

A

the cell body, the axon and the dendrites.

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14
Q

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Efferent Pathway

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15
Q

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent impulses

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

A

Mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

Specialized structures that respond to chemical interaction (mell and taste)

A

Chemoreceptors

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18
Q

Specialized structures that respond to light (vision)

A

Photoreceptors

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19
Q

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

A

Somatic nervous system

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20
Q

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g. circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)

A

Autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (fight or flight)

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state (rest and digest)

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

A

Sensory function

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24
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

A

Proprioception

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25
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response

A

Integrative function

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26
Q

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information

A

Motor function

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27
Q

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

A

Muscle Spindles

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28
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

A

Stretch reflex

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29
Q

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change

A

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

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30
Q

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

A

Joint Receptors

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30
Q

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

A

Joint Receptors

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31
Q

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span

A

Neuroplasticity

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32
Q

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

A

Neurocircuitry

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33
Q

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems

A

Motor skills

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34
Q

a description of the bones of the body

A

Skeletal System

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35
Q

a description of the bones of the body

A

Skeletal System

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36
Q

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture

A

Osteoporosis

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37
Q

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

A

Joints

37
Q

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

A

Joints

38
Q

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cafe, and the vertebral column

A

Axial Skeleton

39
Q

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs and the pelvic girdle.

A

Appendicular skeleton

40
Q

Rigid rods where muscles attach

A

Levers

41
Q

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure

A

Remodeling

42
Q

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone

A

Wolff’s law

45
Q

Flattened or indented portions of bone

A

Depressions

46
Q

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

A

Processes

47
Q

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions

A

Vertebral column

48
Q

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae

A

Spinal cord

49
Q

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement

A

Intervertebral discs

50
Q

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement

A

Neutral Spine

51
Q

Movement of a limb that is visible

A

Osteokinematics

52
Q

The descriptions of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

A

Arthrokinematics

53
Q

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

A

Synovial joints

54
Q

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

A

Nonaxial

55
Q

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

A

Nonsynovial joints

56
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

57
Q

A protein found in connective tissues, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the mot abundant protein in the human body

A

Collagen

58
Q

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

A

Elastin

59
Q

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth

A

Growth plate

60
Q

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

A

Skeletal muscle

61
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

A

Fascia

62
Q

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia”

A

Epimysium

63
Q

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. These are surrounded by perimysium

A

Fascicles

64
Q

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

65
Q

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

A

Endomysium

66
Q

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

67
Q

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles

A

Myoglobin

68
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within these

A

Myofibrils

69
Q

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin

A

Myofilaments

70
Q

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

A

Actin

71
Q

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

A

Myosin

72
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

A

Sarcomere

73
Q

The meeting point of each sarcomere

A

Z-line

74
Q

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract

A

Neural activation

75
Q

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

A

Neuromuscular junction

76
Q

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells

A

Synapse

77
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

A

Motor unit

77
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

A

Motor unit

78
Q

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

A

Action potential

79
Q

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

A

Neurotransmitters

80
Q

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

81
Q

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere

A

Sliding filament theory

82
Q

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

83
Q

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle

A

Power stroke

84
Q

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

84
Q

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

85
Q

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

A

Resting length

86
Q

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

A

Type I muscle fibers

87
Q

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

A

Type II muscle fibers

88
Q

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all

A

All-or-nothing principle

89
Q

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

A

Capillaries

NASM - CPT (20 decks)

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