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NASM - CPT > Chapter 6: the Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 6: the Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs and airways

A

Cardiorespiratory System

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2
Q

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body

A

Cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs

A

Thoracic Cavity

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4
Q

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g. heart, esophagus) except the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

Muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

A

Skeletal Muscle

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7
Q

An involuntary non striated muscle type that is found in organs

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within myofibril

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines

A

Sarcomere

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10
Q

Superior chambers of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart

A

Atrium (Atria)

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11
Q

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body

A

Ventricle

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12
Q

Found in the heart, the formations help hold tighter muscle cells

A

Intercalated discs

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13
Q

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest

A

Resting heart rate (RHR)

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14
Q

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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15
Q

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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16
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

A

Stroke volume

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17
Q

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction

A

Ventricular end-diastolic volume

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18
Q

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

A

End-systolic volume

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19
Q

The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute)

A

Heart rate (HR)

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20
Q

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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21
Q

When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

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22
Q

The over performance of the heart (heart rate x stroke volume)

A

Cardiac output (Q)

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23
Q

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g. liver) or excretion (e.g. kidney)

A

Blood

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24
Q

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

A

Growth factors

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25
Q

Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, heart cells and bone cells

A

Stem cells

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26
Q

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body

A

Blood vessels

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27
Q

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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28
Q

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

A

Capillaries

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29
Q

Vessels that transport blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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30
Q

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries

A

Arterioles

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31
Q

Small veins that allow blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins

A

Venules

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32
Q

The formation of new capillaries

A

Vasculogenesis

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33
Q

The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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34
Q

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow

A

Venous Pooling

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35
Q

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; report3ed as systolic/diastolic

A

Blood Pressure (BP)

36
Q

The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow

A

Peripheral resistance

37
Q

Consistently elevated blood pressure

A

Hypertension

38
Q

A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs and the respiratory muscles

A

Respiratory System

39
Q

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration

A

Respiratory pump

40
Q

The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body

A

Inspiration

41
Q

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body

A

Expiration

42
Q

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body

43
Q

Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute

44
Q

Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute

45
Q

Shortness of breath or labored breathing

46
Q

Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

47
Q

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy

48
Q

Substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change

49
Q

Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body

50
Q

Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function

51
Q

Cells that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated

A

Target (receptor) cell

52
Q

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles

A

Pineal gland

54
Q

An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices

55
Q

An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

56
Q

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone

A

Pituitary gland

57
Q

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol

A

Adrenal gland

58
Q

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions

A

Reproductive glands

59
Q

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism

60
Q

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin

61
Q

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

A

Substrates

62
Q

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

63
Q

An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development

A

Growth hormone

64
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response

A

Catecholamines

65
Q

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy

66
Q

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)

A

Gluconeogenesis

67
Q

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery

A

Overtraining

68
Q

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

69
Q

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues

70
Q

Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development

A

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

71
Q

The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

72
Q

Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density

A

Calcitonin

73
Q

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels

A

Glucose intolerance

74
Q

An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum

A

Gall bladder

75
Q

An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum

76
Q

In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through

77
Q

The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food

A

Mastication

78
Q

The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion

A

Peristalsis

79
Q

Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body

80
Q

The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process

A

Absorption

81
Q

The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach

82
Q

The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion

83
Q

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine

84
Q

Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum

85
Q

Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum

86
Q

The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine

NASM - CPT (20 decks)

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