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NASM - CPT > Chapter 7: Human Movement Science > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Human Movement Science Flashcards

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1
Q

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

A

Human movement system (HMS)

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2
Q

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

A

Kinetic chain

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3
Q

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body

A

Regional interdependence model

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4
Q

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

A

Biomechanics

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5
Q

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology

A

Kinesiology

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6
Q

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature

A

Anatomic position

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7
Q

Movement of a limb that is visible

A

Osteokinematics

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8
Q

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

A

Arthrokinematics

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9
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

A

Sagittal plane

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10
Q

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

A

Flexion

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11
Q

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

A

Extension

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12
Q

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

A

Hyperextension

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13
Q

Flexion occurring at the ankle

A

Dorsiflexion

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14
Q

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards

A

Plantar flexion

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15
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side to side motions

A

Frontal plane

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16
Q

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

A

Abduction

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17
Q

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

A

Adduction

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18
Q

Bending of the spine from side to side

A

Lateral flexion

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19
Q

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward

A

Eversion

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20
Q

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward

A

Inversion

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21
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

A

Transverse plane

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22
Q

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body

A

Internal rotation

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23
Q

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body

A

External rotation

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24
Q

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

A

Horizontal abduction

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25
Q

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position

A

Radioulnar pronation

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26
Q

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position

A

Radioulnar supination

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27
Q

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction

A

Pronation of the foot

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28
Q

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and angle adduction; associated with force production

A

Supination of the foot

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29
Q

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running and sprinting

A

Gait

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30
Q

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline

A

Scapular retraction

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31
Q

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

A

Scapular protraction

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32
Q

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae

A

Scapular depression

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33
Q

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae

A

Scapular elevation

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34
Q

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched

A

Elasticity

35
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

36
Q

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint

A

Flexibility

37
Q

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint

A

Hypermobility

38
Q

When range of motion at a joint is limited

A

Hypomobility

39
Q

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

A

Eccentric muscle action

40
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

A

Motor unit

41
Q

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle

A

Concentric muscle action

42
Q

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length

A

Isometric muscle action

43
Q

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint

A

Core

44
Q

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement

A

Muscle action spectrum

45
Q

The primary muscles providing force for a movement

A

Agonists

46
Q

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement

A

Synergists

47
Q

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves

A

Stabilizers

48
Q

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement

A

Feed-forward activation

49
Q

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

A

Antagonists

50
Q

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

A

Force

51
Q

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

A

Length-tension relationship

52
Q

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

A

Resting length

53
Q

The thin, string like, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

A

Actin

54
Q

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

A

Myosin

55
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines

A

Sarcomere

56
Q

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position

A

Muscle balance

57
Q

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

A

Altered length-tension relationship

58
Q

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

A

Reciprocal inhibition

59
Q

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

A

Altered reciprocal inhibition

60
Q

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

A

Muscle imbalance

61
Q

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion

A

Neutral position

62
Q

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for rapid concentric contraction

A

Stretch-shortening cycle

63
Q

Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy

A

Series elastic component

64
Q

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle

A

Amortization phase

65
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

A

Stretch reflex

66
Q

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)

A

Integrated performance paradigm

67
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

68
Q

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint

A

Force-couple relationship

69
Q

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine

A

Joint support systems

70
Q

Movement of the bones around the joints

A

Rotary motion

71
Q

A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the newton meter (nm)

A

Torque

72
Q

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

A

Motor behavior

73
Q

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

A

Motor control

74
Q

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior

A

Motor learning

75
Q

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span

A

Motor development

76
Q

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement

A

Muscle synergies

77
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

A

Mechanoreceptors

78
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

A

Proprioception

79
Q

Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

A

Sensorimotor integration

80
Q

Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

A

Feedback

81
Q

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the enviroment

A

Internal feedback

82
Q

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal enviroment

A

External feedback

83
Q

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion

A

Neuromuscular efficiency

NASM - CPT (20 decks)

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