Chapter 1: the modern state of health and fitness Flashcards
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater
Obesity
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology
Kinesiology
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence, and prioritizing client values and expectations
Evidence-based Practice
The combined interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body
Musculoskeletal System
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
Deconditioned
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0-29.9
Overweight
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationship
Muscle Imbalance
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement
Joint Stability
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation
Socioeconomic Status
The state of having a disease
Morbidity
A state or a risk of death or dying
Mortality
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium
Homeostatsis
Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increase the likelihood or developing a disease or injury
Risk Factor
A waxy, fat-like substance found in bodily cells
Cholesterol
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel
Stroke
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked, medically known as a myocardial infarction
Heart Attack
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body
Heart Valve Problem
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern
Arrhythmia
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle
Ischemic Heart Disease
The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow
Atherosclerosis
Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (IE: golfing/yard work/gardening)
Physical Activity
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded in blood pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded in blood pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
Diabetes
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy
Glucose
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes
Insulin Resistance
A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body
Cancer
A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain
Endorphins
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement
Skeletal Muscle
A stretching or tearing of ligaments
Sprain
An inflammation of the fibrous tissues (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain
Plantar Fasciitis
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone)
Patellar Tendonitis
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Tear
Shoulder pain caused by the rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone in the shoulder
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
