Chapter 10: Supplementation Flashcards
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient
Dietary supplement
Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own
Essential nutrient
When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms
Toxicity
The primary legislation of the US government regulating dietary supplements
Dietary supplement health and Education act of 1994
Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market
Code of federal regulations
The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect
Tolerable upper limit
Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement
Adverse effect
An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common ones are caffeine and nicotine
Stimulant
Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power and muscle mass
Creatine
A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport, or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year
Banned
Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength
Anabolic Steroid
A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being
Health supplement
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic acid
Performance supplement
Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes
Vitamins
Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of these; major and trace
Minerals
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body
Biologically active
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body
Biologically inactive
The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body
Beta-carotene
A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress
Lactose intolerance
Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy
Irritable bowel syndrome
A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture
Osteoporosis
Irregular heartbeat
Heart arrhythmias
An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot
Platelet aggregationi
A weakened immune system
Immunodeficiency
Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord
Peripheral neuropathy
Muscle degeneration
Skeletal myopathy
A protein found in connective tissues, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body
Collagen
A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gyms), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth
Scurvy
A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function
Beriberi
A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).
Pellagra
A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment
Anorexia
A condition of poor iron status
Anemia
Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering
Dermatitis
A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly
Spina bifida
Absence of menstration
Amenorrheic
Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis
Osteopenia
A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs
Ovo-vegetarian
Excess blood calcium levels
Hypercalcemia
A type of iron found in animal foods
Heme
A type of iron found in plant foods
Nonheme
A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods
Hemochromatosis
The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha–linolenic acid (ALA)
Omega-3
A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish, such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body
Triglycerides
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement
Ergogenic aid
Organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group
Amino acids
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet
Nonessential amino acids
Amino acids that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids
Essential amino acid (EAA)
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken
Phosphagen
The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement
Creatine monohydrate
Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose
Loading
Produced or synthesized within an organism
Endogenous
Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism
Adrenaline
A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants
Caffeine anhydrous
Dimethylamyulamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement
DMAA
A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the US and the European Union
Ephedra
Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person’s ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death
Serious adverse effect
A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent
Hormone precursor
A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics
Testosterone
A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth
Gynecomastia
