Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • All of an organism’s chemical reactions

- Consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • Overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism

- Study of how energy flows through organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change, especially to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thermal Energy

A
  • Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules
  • Energy in its most random form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chemical Energy

A
  • Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction
  • A form of potential energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • The principle of conservation of energy

- Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder or randomness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
  • Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spontaneous Process

A
  • A process that occurs without an overall input of energy

- A process that is energetically favorable

17
Q

Free Energy

A

The portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

18
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy

19
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

20
Q

Energy Coupling

A

In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

21
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
  • This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
22
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediate

A

A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule

23
Q

Enzyme

A
  • Macromolecule serving as a catalyst

- Changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

24
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

25
Q

Activation Energy

A
  • The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
  • Also called free energy of activation
26
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant on which an enzyme works

27
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

Temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)

28
Q

Active Site

A
  • Specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate

- Forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

29
Q

Induced Fit

A
  • Caused by entry of the substrate

- Change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

30
Q

Cofactor

A
  • Any non protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
  • Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis
31
Q

Coenzyme

A
  • An organic molecule serving as a cofactor

- Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions

32
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics

33
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A
  • Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site
  • Binds elsewhere on the enzyme
  • Changes the shape of the enzyme so the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product
34
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

Binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

35
Q

Cooperativity

A

Kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits

36
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

Method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway