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AP Bio > Chapter 53: Population Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 53: Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A
  • Group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
  • Rely on the same resources
  • Influenced by similar environmental factors
  • Likely to interact / breed with one another
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2
Q

Population Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area or volume

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3
Q

Dispersion

A

Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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4
Q

Mark-Recapture Method

A
  • Used to estimate size of wildlife population
  • x/n = s/ N or N = (sn)/ x
  • x = # of marked animals in 2nd sampling
  • n = total # of animals in 2nd sampling
  • s = # of animals marked and released in 1st sampling
  • N = population size
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5
Q

Immigration

A

Influx of new individuals from other areas

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6
Q

Emigration

A

Movement of individuals out of a population and into other locations

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7
Q

Territoriality

A

Defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

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8
Q

Demography

A

Study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

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9
Q

Survivorship Curve

A

Plot of the proportion or number of members in a cohort still alive at each age

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10
Q

Type I Curve

A
  • Flat at start : low death rates in middle & early life

- Drops steeply as age increases

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11
Q

Type III Curve

A
  • Drops sharply at start : high mortality rate when younger

- Flattens out with age increase

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12
Q

Type II Curve

A
  • Intermediate

- Constant death rate

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13
Q

Reproductive Table

A
  • Fertility schedule

- Age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population

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14
Q

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A

When per capita birth and death rates are equal (r= 0)

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15
Q

Exponential Population Growth

A
  • Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment
  • Represented by a J-shaped curve when a population size is plotted over time
  • Free to reproduce at physiological capacity
  • There’s abundant food
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16
Q

Carrying Capacity

A
  • K

- Max population size that a particular environment can sustain

17
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A
  • Per capita rate of increase approaches 0 as the population size nears the carrying capacity
  • S- curve
18
Q

Life History

A
  • Traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival
  • 3 main variables:
    - When reproduction starts
    - How often the organism reproduces
    - How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode
19
Q

Semelparity

A
  • Reproduction where an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event
  • Also called big-bang reproduction
20
Q

Iteroparity

A
  • Repeated reproduction

- Provide for offspring better and reproduce less and larger offspring

21
Q

K-Selection

A
  • Density-dependent selection
  • Selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and favored at higher densities
  • Big organisms
  • Fewer babies
  • Increased care
22
Q

R- Selection

A
  • Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments (low densities)
  • Density-independent selection
  • Small organisms
  • More babies
  • Less care
23
Q

Density Independent

A

Birth rate / death rate that doesn’t change with population density

24
Q

Density Dependent

A
  • Death rate that increases with population density

- Birth rate that falls with increased density

25
Q

Population Dynamics

A
  • Population size fluctuations from year to year or place to place
  • Influencing factors:
    - Competition for resources
    - Disease (efficient)
    - Predation
    - Territoriality
    - Intrinsic factors (prevent / allow for more birth)
    - Toxic Wastes
  • Affect other species
26
Q

Metapopulation

A

A number of linked local populations

27
Q

Demographic Transition

A
  • Movement from high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates
  • Tends to accompany industrialization and improved living conditions
28
Q

Age Structure

A

Relative number of individuals of each age in the population

29
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

Summarizes the aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates

AP Bio (34 decks)

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