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AP Bio > Chapter 49: Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 49: Nervous Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved with executive functions

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2
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Language/verbal/sound related functions

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3
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensations of the environment

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4
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Functions with eyesight/seeing

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5
Q

Thalamus

A

Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Functions in temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic functions

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7
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
  • Deals with receiving sensory information and delivering it to the brain
  • Involuntary homeostatic functions (i.e. breathing, swallowing, and vomitting)
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8
Q

Nerves

A

Clusters of the axons of neurons

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9
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Made up of animal neurons that carry out integration

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Made up of neurons that carry information into and out of the central nervous system

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11
Q

Ganglia

A

Segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

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12
Q

Glia/Glial Cells

A
  • Ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, & Schwann cells
  • Plays an essential role in development
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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Participate in the formation of blood brain barrier

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14
Q

Central Canal

A
  • Narrow
  • In the spinal cord
  • Cavity of nerve cord gives rise this and the ventricles of the brain
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15
Q

Gray Matter

A

Primarily made up of neuron cell bodies

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16
Q

White Matter

A
  • Consists mainly of bundled axons
  • Makes up the outer layer of the spinal cord and the interior of the brain
  • Functions in learning, emotions, processing sensory information, and generating commands
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17
Q

Reflexes

A

The body’s automatic responses to certain stimuli

18
Q

Motor System

A

Consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles

19
Q

Automatic System

A
  • Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles
  • 3 divisions:
    - Sympathetic
    - Parasympathetic
    - Enteric
20
Q

Enteric Division

A

Neurons active in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

21
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Corresponds to arousal and energy generation

22
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Promotes calming and return to self maintenance functions (“rest and digest”)
  • Works with sympathetic division in reproductive activity
23
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Contains olfactory bulb and cerebrum
  • Processes olfactory input (smells)
  • Regulates sleep, learning and complex processing
24
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Located centrally in the brain

- Coordinates routing of sensory input

25
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Part forms the cerebellum
  • Controls involuntary activities (i.e. blood circulation)
  • Coordinates motor activities (i.e. locomotion)
26
Q

Brainstem

A

Stalk that joins with the spinal cord at the base of the brain

27
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Lies behind the cerebrum

- Coordinates and balances actions of the muscles

28
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Includes cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
  • Center for learning, emotion, memory, and perception
  • Functions in voluntary/conscious actions
29
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • A left and a right

- 2 different parts of the cerebrum

30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Outer layer of the cerebrum

- Important for perception, voluntary movement, and learning

31
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

-Enables the cerebral cortices to communicate

32
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum
  • Formed by two masses
33
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Constitutes a control center that includes the body’s thermostat and central biological clock
  • Roles in hunger, thirst, sexual and mating behavior, and the fight/flight response
34
Q

Pons

A
  • Portion of the brain

- Participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions (i.e. regulating the breathing centers in the medulla)

35
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Lowest part of the vertebrate brain
  • Commonly called the medulla
  • Swelling of the hindbrain interior
  • Controls automatic, homeostatic functions (i.e. breathing, heart rate, blood vessel activity, swallowing, digesting, and vomitting)
36
Q

Biological Clock

A

Molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity

37
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A
  • Group of neurons in the hypothalamus

- Acts as a pacemaker, synchronizing biological clocks in cells throughout throughout the body to cycles of day length

38
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Most important structure for emotional memory

- Almond-shaped mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum; causes autonomic arousal

39
Q

Neuroplasticity

A
  • Capacity for the nervous system to be remodeled

- Most remodeling occurs at synapses

40
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Where information is held for a short period of time and then released

41
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Where information we want to retain is held

42
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

Lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission

AP Bio (34 decks)

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