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AP Bio > Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

Cell Cycle

A
  • Ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two
  • In eukaryotic cells, it’s composed of interphase and M phase
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3
Q

Genome

A
  • Genetic material of an organism/virus

- -Complete complement of an organism or virus’s genes along with its non coding nucleic acid sequences

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

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5
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms
  • Consists of 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication
  • Results in 4 daughter cells with 1/2 the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes

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7
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
  • When the cell is not dividing, exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
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8
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm, egg, or their precursors

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9
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and sometimes along the arms
  • While joined, two make up one chromosome
  • Eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II
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10
Q

Centromere

A
  • In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences
  • Close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome
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11
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells divided into five stages:
    - Prophase
    - Prometaphase
    - Metaphase
    - Anaphase
    - Telophase
  • Conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei
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12
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II

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13
Q

Mitotic (M) Phase

A

Phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

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14
Q

Interphase

A
  • Period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing
  • Cellular metabolic activity is high
  • Chromosomes and organelles are duplicated
  • Cell size may increase
  • Accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle
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15
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • First gap or growth phase of the cell cycle

- The portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

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16
Q

S Phase

A
  • Synthesis phase of the cell cycle

- Portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated

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17
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Second gap or growth phase of the cell cycle

- The portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

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18
Q

Prophase

A
  • First stage of mitosis

- Nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Second stage of mitosis

- Nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

20
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Third stage of mitosis
  • Spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochore, are all aligned at the metaphase plate
21
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Fourth stage of mitosis
  • Chromatids of each chromosome have separated
  • Daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell
22
Q

Telophase

A
  • FIfth and final stage of mitosis

- Daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

23
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A
  • Assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins

- Involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis

24
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells
  • Functions as a microtubule-organizing center
  • Important during cell division
  • Has two centrioles
25
Q

Aster

A
  • Radial array of short microtubules

- Extends from each chromosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

26
Q

Kinetochore

A

Structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

27
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

Imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

28
Q

Cleavage

A

Process of cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the membrane

29
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A
  • First sign of cleavage in an animal cell

- Shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

30
Q

Cell Plate

A

Membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

31
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • Method of asexual reproduction by “division in half”
  • In prokaryotes, it doesn’t involve mitosis
  • In single-celled eukaryotes, mitosis is part of the process
32
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

33
Q

Cell Cycle Control System

A

Cyclically operating set of molecules in a eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

34
Q

Checkpoint

A

Control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

35
Q

Cyclin

A
  • Cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration
  • Plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle
36
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)

A

Protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

37
Q

MPF

A
  • Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor)
  • Protein complex require for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis
  • Active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase
38
Q

G0 Phase

A

Nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly

39
Q

Growth Factor

A
  • Protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells
  • Local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation
40
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

Phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

41
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division

42
Q

Transformation

A

Conversion of a normal cell into a cell that is able to divide indefinitely in a culture, thus behaving like a cancer cell

43
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor’s origin

44
Q

Malignant Tumor

A
  • Cancerous tumor that has significant genetic and cellular changes
  • Capable of invading and surviving in new sites
  • Can impair the functions of one or more organs
45
Q

Metastasis

A

Development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

AP Bio (34 decks)

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