Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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2
Q

Systematics

A

Discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

Scientific discipline where organisms are named and classified

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4
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A
  • 2 part format of an organism’s scientific name

- Instituted by Charles Linnaeus

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5
Q

Genus

A

First part of scientific name

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6
Q

Order of Classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

Taxon

A

A named taxonomic unit at any level of classification

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8
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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9
Q

Branch Points

A

The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor

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10
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives

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11
Q

Rooted

A

A branch point within the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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12
Q

Basal Taxon

A
  • A lineage that diverged early in the history of a group

- Lies on a branch near the common ancestor of the groups

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13
Q

Polytonomy

A

A branch point from which > two descendant groups emerge

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14
Q

Analogy

A

Similarity between two organisms due to convergent evolution

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15
Q

Homoplasies

A

Analogous structures that evolved separately

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16
Q

Cladistics

A

Approach to systematics where common ancestry is the primary criteria used to classify organisms

17
Q

Clades

A

Groups that include a species and its descendants

18
Q

Monophyletic

A

Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

19
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Contains ancestral species and some of its descendants

20
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Includes distantly related species but not the most recent common ancestor

21
Q

Shared Ancestral Character

A

Character that originated in the ancestor of the taxon

22
Q

Shared Derived Character

A

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

23
Q

Outgroup

A

Species / group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before

24
Q

Ingroup

A

The lineage that includes the species being studied

25
Q

Maximum Parsimony (Occam’s Razor)

A

The simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts should be investigated first

26
Q

Maximum Likelihood

A

The tree most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data is identified based on certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change over time

27
Q

Orthologous Genes

A

Homology is the result of a specific speciation event and occurs between genes in different species

28
Q

Paralogous Genes

A
  • Homology results from gene duplication

- Multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another within a species

29
Q

Molecular Clock

A

Approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates

30
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms