Chapter 5 Part 1: Carbs and Lipids

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by dehydration reaction

Question 2

Enzyme

Answer 2

• A macromolecule serving as a catalyst

- Increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 3

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 3

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

• A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water
• Functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

Question 5

Carbohydrate

Answer 5

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

Question 6

Monosaccharide

Answer 6

• Simplest carbohydrate
• Active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
• Also called simple sugars
• Molecular formula that are generally some multiple of CH2O

Question 7

Asymmetric Carbon

Answer 7

Carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

Question 8

Disaccharide

Answer 8

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

Question 9

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 9

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 10

Polysaccharide

Answer 10

• A polymer of many monosaccharides

- Formed by dehydration reactions

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

• Storage polysaccharide in plants

- Consists entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

• An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide
• Found in the liver and muscle of animals
• Animal equivalent of starch

Question 13

Cellulose

Answer 13

• A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls

- Consists of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages

Question 14

Triacylglycerol

Answer 14

• A lipid containing three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
• Also called a fat or triglyceride

Question 15

Chitin

Answer 15

• A structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers
• Found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

Question 16

Lipid

Answer 16

• Any of a group of large biological molecules including fats , phospholipids, and steroids
• Mix poorly (if at all) with water

Question 17

Fat

Answer 17

• Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
• Also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Question 18

Trans Fat

Answer 18

• An unsaturated fat
• Formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
• Contains one or more trans double bonds

Question 19

Phospholipid

Answer 19

• A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
• Hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails and the rest of the molecule acts as the polar, hydrophilic head
• Form bilayers that function as biological membranes

Question 20

Steroid

Answer 20

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

Question 21

Cholesterol

Answer 21

• A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes
• Acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones