Chapter 5 Part 1: Carbs and Lipids Flashcards
Macromolecules
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by dehydration reaction
Enzyme
- A macromolecule serving as a catalyst
- Increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
- A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water
- Functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers
Carbohydrate
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)
Monosaccharide
- Simplest carbohydrate
- Active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
- Also called simple sugars
- Molecular formula that are generally some multiple of CH2O
Asymmetric Carbon
Carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Polysaccharide
- A polymer of many monosaccharides
- Formed by dehydration reactions
Starch
- Storage polysaccharide in plants
- Consists entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages
Glycogen
- An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide
- Found in the liver and muscle of animals
- Animal equivalent of starch
Cellulose
- A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls
- Consists of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages
Triacylglycerol
- A lipid containing three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
- Also called a fat or triglyceride
Chitin
- A structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers
- Found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
Lipid
- Any of a group of large biological molecules including fats , phospholipids, and steroids
- Mix poorly (if at all) with water
Fat
- Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
- Also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride
Trans Fat
- An unsaturated fat
- Formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
- Contains one or more trans double bonds
Phospholipid
- A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
- Hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails and the rest of the molecule acts as the polar, hydrophilic head
- Form bilayers that function as biological membranes
Steroid
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached
Cholesterol
- A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes
- Acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones
