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AP Bio > Chapter 20: DNA Tools and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 20: DNA Tools and Biotechnology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

DNA Technology

A

Techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA

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2
Q

Biotechnology

A

Manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products

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3
Q

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

A

Base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on a strand from another nucleic acid molecule

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4
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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5
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

Determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment

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6
Q

DNA Cloning

A

Production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment

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7
Q

Plasmid

A
  • Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

- Carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome

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8
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

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9
Q

Gene Cloning

A

Production of multiple copies of a gene

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10
Q

Cloning Vector

A

In genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

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11
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A
  • Endonuclease (type of enzyme)
  • Recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (i.e. phage genomes)
  • Cuts specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites)
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12
Q

Restriction Site

A

DNA sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

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13
Q

Restriction Fragment

A

DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

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14
Q

Sticky End

A

Single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment

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15
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • Linking enzyme essential for DNA replication

- Catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment ot the 5’ end of a growing chain

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16
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both which affect their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer

17
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

18
Q

Expression Vector

A
  • Cloning vector
  • Contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell
19
Q

Electroporation

A
  • Technique used to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells
  • The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membrane, where DNA can enter
20
Q

Nucleic Acid Probe

A
  • In DNA technology
  • Labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule
  • Used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample
  • Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs
  • Radioactive, fluorescent, or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected
21
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A
  • Technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe
  • Detects the location of specific mRNA in an intact organism
22
Q

Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

A
  • Technique for determining expression of a particular gene
  • Uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample
  • Subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest
23
Q

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

A
  • Double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase & DNA polymerase
  • cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene
24
Q

DNA Microarray Assay

A
  • Method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time
  • Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA
25
Q

In Vitro Mutagenesis`

A
  • Technique used to discover the function of a gene
  • Clones the gene, introduces specific changes into the cloned gene’s sequence, reinserts the mutated gene into a cell, studies phenotype of the mutant
26
Q

RNA Interference (RNAi)

A
  • Mechanism of silencing the expression of specific genes
  • Double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene are processed into siRNAs that either block transition or trigger the degradation of the gene’s messenger RNA
  • Happens naturally in some cells
  • Can be carried out in laboratory experiments
27
Q

Genome-Wide Association Study

A
  • Large-scale analysis of the genomes of many people having a certain phenotype or disease
  • Aims to find genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease
28
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A

Single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population

29
Q

Stem Cell

A

Any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce (during a single division) one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo furht differentiation

30
Q

Totipotent

A

Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them

31
Q

Pluripotent

A

Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism

32
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

A
  • Pluripotent stem cells
  • Created by reversing differentiation of a non-pluripotent cell
  • Virtually identical to embryonic stem cells
  • Circumvents the need to destroy embryos
33
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes

34
Q

Transgenic

A

Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species

35
Q

Genetic Profile

A
  • An individual’s unique set of genetic markers

- Detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes

36
Q

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)

A
  • Simple sequence DNA
  • Contains multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides
  • Variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis
  • Used to prepare genetic profiles
37
Q

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

A

An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means

38
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

A genetically modified organism that has acquired a gene from another species

AP Bio (34 decks)

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