Chapter 24: The Origin of Species Flashcards

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1
Q

Speciation

A
  • Process by which one species splits into two or more species
  • The “Mystery of Mysteries”
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2
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes over time in allele frequencies in populations

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

Broad pattern of evolution above the species level

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4
Q

Biological Species Concept

A
  • Concept that states a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
  • These groups do not produce such offspring with other groups
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5
Q

Species

A

Population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

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6
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A
  • Existence of biological factors (barriers)

- Hinders members of two different species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

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7
Q

Hybrids

A

Offspring that result from interspecific mating

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8
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A
  • Block fertilization from occurring
  • Impede the attempt of mating
  • Prevent an attempt of mating from being completed successfully
  • Prevent fertilization directly
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9
Q

Post Zygotic Barriers

A

Barriers to help reproductive isolation if the prezygotic barriers are bypassed and a zygote is formed

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10
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A
  • Emphasizes the unity within a species
  • Distinguishes a species by body shape and other structural features
  • Mainly used by scientists but relies on subjective judgement
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11
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Defines a species in terms of its ecological niche

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12
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Sum of how members of a species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

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13
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that can share a common ancestor

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14
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

When gene flow is interrupted by populations being isolated into geographic subgroups

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15
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurs in populations that occupy the same environmental area

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16
Q

Polyploidy

A

A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets

17
Q

Autopolyploid

A
  • An individual that has > 2 chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species
  • Can cause reproductive isolation without geographic separation
18
Q

Allopolyploid

A
  • A fertile individual that has > 2 chromosome sets as a result of two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes
  • Fertile with each other but not with either parent species
19
Q

Hybrid Zone

A
  • Region where members of different species will meet and mate, which produces offspring with mixed ancestry
  • Caused by a species with incomplete reproductive barriers coming in contact with another
20
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Organisms diversify quickly from a common ancestor

21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process where natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers because of the hybrids’ unfitness to the environment

22
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Pattern of evolution

- Long stable periods are interrupted by periods of more rapid change

23
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

Species diverge gradually over time in small steps

24
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Body parts that share a common function but not structure

25
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

When different organisms independently evolve similar traits

26
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Process by which interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups

27
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

28
Q

Coevolution

A

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other