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AP Bio > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A

Optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens

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2
Q

Organelle

A
  • Membrane-enclosed structures
  • Have specialized functions
  • Suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
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3
Q

Electron Microscope (EM)

A

Microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in practical resolution that is 100-fold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

Microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coatec with metal atoms, to study details of its topography (surface)

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5
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A
  • Microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms
  • Primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells
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6
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

Disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

Semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A
  • Type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
  • Examples of organisms with these cells include fungi, protists, plants, and animals
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9
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
  • Only found in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane

- In eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • Membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier
  • Regulates the cell’s chemical composition
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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin

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13
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • In a eukaryotic cell
  • Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
  • Perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm
  • Outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
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14
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated with protein molecules
  • Eukaryotic cell usually has many while prokaryotic cell has one
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15
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
  • Not visible under a microscope when in its dispersed form (when the cell is in interphase)
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16
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Specialized structure in the nucleus
  • Consists of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm
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17
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
  • Consists of a large and a small subunit
  • In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus
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18
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • Collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related through either direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
  • Includes the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, the smoot and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles
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19
Q

Vesicle

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • Extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells

- Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

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21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

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22
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

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23
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

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24
Q

Transport Vesicle

A
  • Small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm

- Carries molecules produced by the cell

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25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of flat membranous sacs
  • Modifies, stores, and routes products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesizes some products (notably no cellulose carbohydrates)
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26
Q

Lysosome

A
  • Membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes

- Found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

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27
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Type of endocytosis
  • Large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell
  • Carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals
28
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane-bound vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells

29
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

30
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

31
Q

Central Vacuole

A

-In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

32
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Organelles in eukaryotic cells
  • Serve as the site of cellular respiration
  • Use oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
33
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists

- Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

34
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A
  • Theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell
  • The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism
35
Q

Crista

A

Infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase)

36
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Compartment of mitochondria enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

37
Q

Thylakoid

A
  • Flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast
  • Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected
  • Their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy
38
Q

Granum

A
  • Stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast

- Function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

39
Q

Stroma

A
  • Dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA
  • Involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
40
Q

Plastid

A
  • One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts
  • Found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes
41
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing then degrading hydrogen peroxide

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
  • Extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical transport and signaling functions
43
Q

Motor Protein

A

Protein that interacts with cytoskeleton elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

44
Q

Microtubule

A
  • Hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells
  • Found in cilia and flagella
45
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Structure in the centrosome of an animal cell that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division
  • Has two centrioles
46
Q

Centriole

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9+1” pattern
-There are two in a centrosome

47
Q

Flagellum

A

Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

48
Q

Cilium

A

Short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells

49
Q

Basal Body

A
  • Eukaryotic structure consisting of a “9+0” arrangement of microtubule triplets
  • May organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum
  • Structurally very similar to a centriole
50
Q

Dynein

A

In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet

51
Q

Microfilament

A

Cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction
-Also known as an actin filament

52
Q

Actin

A

Globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells

53
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments

54
Q

Myosin

A

Type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contractions

55
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

56
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists
  • Protects the cell and helps maintain its shape
57
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells

58
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

59
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell

60
Q

Middle Lamella

A

In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between primary walls of adjacent young cells

61
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

In plant cells, strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support

62
Q

Extracurricular Matrix (ECM)

A

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

63
Q

Collagen

A
  • Glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone
  • Most abundant protein in the animal kingdom
64
Q

Proteoglycan

A
  • Large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached
  • Found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells
65
Q

FIbronectin

A

Extracurricular glycoproteins secreted by animal cells that help them attach the extracellular matrix

66
Q

Integrin

A

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

67
Q

Plasmodesma

A

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some large molecules to pass between cells

AP Bio (34 decks)

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